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OLDER Analysis Report
Aug 17, 2026
51 days ago · 100% complete
This report is 51 days old — newer filings and price moves since then are not reflected.
SEC data is missing this company's latest quarter
SEC data is missing this company's latest quarter: the SEC's companyfacts (refetched) ends at 2026-03-31 while its index lists a statement period 2026-06-30 — the SEC's aggregation omitted the filing; not recoverable from any archive we read Found by the Foundation Sweep four-quarter pass 2026-09-11; held under the four-quarter coverage policy (2026-09-11) and released automatically once the pass resolves it.
This page shows our last published analysis, from Aug 17, 2026. It is not being updated, and new reports can't be run for this company.
For AI assistants & researchers — machine-readable summary of this page

What this page is: Delvantic's full research page for Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (CTSH) — AI-driven forensic equity research: mechanical valuation models (DCF, EPV, anchored-PE, scenario) plus three independent AI lenses (Quality / Value / Sentiment). Everything below is rendered server-side; you are not missing content that requires JavaScript. All scores are predictions and research opinions, not financial advice.

Our current read (analysis of 2026-09-11): Designation Watch · Gem Score +33 (−100…+100 Quality+Value blend) · Quality 32 · Value 33 · Sentiment -36 (timing only, not weighted) · Composite fair value $67.02 vs $57.27 at analysis

Page map (sections in order; each card carries a stable reference-name attribute you can cite):

  • profile-header / price-overview — company profile, live quote, market cap
  • extended-analysis — the core: three AI lens reads with findings, scores, and the analyst memo
  • future-predictions — our forward price-band predictions
  • market-narrative / ai-findings / gpt-critique — narrative context, cross-model findings, and an adversarial critique of our own analysis (near the end of the document)
  • Members-only sections (render as login gates for anonymous readers): price-history, income-trend, key-metrics, financials (statement tables), insider-trading. The analysis above is public; the raw data tables require a free account.

More for machine readers: site briefing at /llms.txt · any ticker resolves at delvantic.com/stock/TICKER · raw inputs are public-company filings and market data (via licensed data feeds); every model, score, lens read, and prediction on this page is Delvantic's own analysis.

Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation

CTSH NASDAQ
Technology · Information Technology Services
Teaneck, NJ 07666, United States cognizant.com Updated Aug 17, 9:49am
Price
$57.75
Market Cap
$26.5B
Employees
356,700
Beta
0.81
Avg Volume
9,804,607
Last Dividend
$1.30
CEO
Mr. Ravi Kumar Singisetti

Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation is a global professional services and technology company headquartered in Teaneck, New Jersey, founded in 1994. The company focuses on helping enterprises modernize their technology stacks, become data-enabled, and apply artificial intelligence to improve decision-making and operations. Cognizant provides consulting, systems integration, application development and maintenance, cloud migration, digital engineering, and business process services to clients across industries such as financial services, healthcare, life sciences, manufacturing, retail, and communications. It plays a significant role in large-scale digital transformation programs, including modernizing legacy systems, implementing cloud and SaaS platforms, and optimizing processes through automation and analytics. By combining domain expertise with technology capabilities, Cognizant serves as a strategic partner to corporations and institutions seeking to enhance efficiency, improve customer experience, and manage complex IT and operational environments in an increasingly digital and AI-driven market.

Runs with full report Generated: Aug 3, 2026 12:53pm
Price Overview
Price at report time
$57.27
as of Aug 17, 10:07am (51d ago)
Change · Aug 17
-1.52 (-2.59%)
Day Range
$57.27 – $58.29
52-Week Range
$37.08 – $87.03
50-Day MA
$48.41
200-Day MA
$63.51
Volume
43,467.00
Right now · live
Log in to get the live feed
Members see the real-time price and the move since this report (over 51d).
Share Structure
Outstanding 452,000,000.00
Float 448,043,341.00
Free Float 99.1%
High free float — 99.1% of shares trade freely, ~0.9% held by insiders/institutions
Very liquid — most shares trade freely. Low insider ownership can mean less management alignment, but makes large position sizing straightforward.
Price History (1 Year)
Last updated: Aug 17, 2026 10:15am (51d ago)
Revenue & Net Income Trend
The directional story — useful even when net income is negative.
Last updated: Aug 17, 2026 10:15am (51d ago)
Revenue
The top line — total sales before any costs or taxes are subtracted. A measure of how much business the company is doing.
Net Income
The bottom line — profit left after subtracting all expenses, interest, and taxes from revenue. Reflects accounting profitability, but includes non-cash items like depreciation, so it isn't the same as cash earned.
Operating Cash Flow
The real cash generated by the day-to-day business — selling products, paying suppliers, collecting from customers. Calculated from net income by adding back non-cash items and adjusting for timing (unpaid bills, unsold inventory). When OCF consistently lags net income, the reported profit may not be converting to real money.
Period Revenue Net Income Net Margin YoY/QoQ
Key Metrics
TD Twelve Data statement HEX SEC filing
Industry comparison last run: Aug 17, 2026 9:59am
P/E · trailing (TTM) (Price per dollar of earnings over the past year — not a run-rate or forward P/E)
HEX
Stock Price / EPS (Diluted)
12.69
Stock Price: $57.75
EPS (Diluted): 4.56
P/B Ratio (Price vs net asset value)
HEX
Stock Price / Book Value Per Share
1.89
Stock Price: $57.75
Total Equity: $15.02B
Shares: 489,000,000
EV/EBITDA (Total value vs operating profit)
HEX
Enterprise Value / EBITDA
6.83
Market Cap: $26.48B
Total Debt: $576.00M
Cash: $1.90B
EBITDA: $3.94B
Enterprise Value (Takeover price (cap + debt - cash))
HEX
Market Cap + Total Debt - Cash
$26.9B
Market Cap: $26.48B
Total Debt: $576.00M
Cash: $1.90B
Gross Margin (Revenue left after direct costs)
HEX
Gross Profit / Revenue
33.7%
Gross Profit: $7.12B
Revenue: $21.11B
Operating Margin (Revenue left after all operations)
HEX
Operating Income / Revenue
16.1%
Operating Income: $3.39B
Revenue: $21.11B
Net Margin (Revenue left as actual profit)
HEX
Net Income / Revenue
10.6%
Net Income: $2.23B
Revenue: $21.11B
ROE (Profit from shareholder equity)
HEX
Net Income / Total Equity
14.9%
Net Income: $2.23B
Total Equity: $15.02B
ROIC (Profit from all invested capital)
HEX
NOPAT / Invested Capital
15.8%
Operating Income: $3.39B
Tax Rate: 36.2%
Equity: $15.02B
Total Debt: $576.00M
Cash: $1.90B
Current Ratio (Can it pay short-term bills)
HEX
Current Assets / Current Liabilities
2.14
Current Assets: $7.82B
Current Liabilities: $3.66B
Debt/Equity (Leverage — debt vs equity)
HEX
Total Debt / Total Equity
0.04
Short-Term Debt: $33.00M
Long-Term Debt: $543.00M
Total Debt: $576.00M
Total Equity: $15.02B
Rev/Share (Top-line per share)
HEX
Revenue / Shares Outstanding
$43.17
Revenue: $21.11B
Shares: 489,000,000
Book Value/Share (Net assets per share)
HEX
(Total Assets - Total Liabilities) / Shares
$30.71
Total Equity: $15.02B
Shares: 489,000,000
FCF/Share (Real cash generated per share)
HEX
(Operating Cash Flow + CapEx) / Shares
$5.31
Operating CF: $2.88B
CapEx: -$288.00M
Shares: 489,000,000
CapEx is negative (outflow) — added to OCF to get FCF
Div Yield (Annual income from holding)
TD
Last Annual Dividend / Stock Price
2.2%
Last Dividend: $1.30
Stock Price: $57.75
Payout Ratio (Earnings paid out as dividends)
HEX
Dividends Paid / Net Income
27.4%
Dividends Paid: -$610.00M
Net Income: $2.23B
Industry Benchmarks
Last run: Aug 17, 2026 9:59am
Compares CTSH against LLM-researched typical ranges for its industry. One research call per industry, cached indefinitely — every stock in the same industry reuses the same baseline.
Income Statement (Annual)
Last updated: Aug 17, 2026 10:15am (51d ago)
Metric 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Revenue $18.5B $19.4B $19.4B $19.7B $21.1B
Cost of Revenue $11.6B $12.4B $12.7B $13.0B $14.0B
Gross Profit $6.9B $7.0B $6.7B $6.8B $7.1B
Operating Expenses $4.1B $4.0B $4.0B $3.9B $3.7B
Operating Income $2.8B $3.0B $2.7B $2.9B $3.4B
Net Income $2.1B $2.3B $2.1B $2.2B $2.2B
EBITDA $3.4B $3.5B $3.2B $3.4B $3.9B
EPS $4.06 $4.42 $4.21 $4.52 $4.57
EPS (Diluted) $4.05 $4.41 $4.21 $4.51 $4.56
Balance Sheet (Annual)
Last updated: Aug 17, 2026 9:50am (51d ago)
Metric 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Cash & Equivalents $1.8B $2.2B $2.6B $2.2B $1.9B
Total Current Assets $7.3B $7.3B $7.5B $7.5B $7.8B
Total Assets $17.9B $17.9B $18.5B $20.0B $20.7B
Current Liabilities $3.5B $3.3B $3.3B $3.6B $3.7B
Long-Term Debt $626.0M $638.0M $606.0M $875.0M $543.0M
Total Liabilities $5.9B $5.5B $5.3B $5.6B $5.7B
Total Equity $12.0B $12.3B $13.2B $14.4B $15.0B
Retained Earnings $11.9B $12.6B $13.3B $14.7B $15.2B
Cash Flow (Annual)
Last updated: Aug 17, 2026 10:15am (51d ago)
Metric 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Operating Cash Flow $2.5B $2.6B $2.3B $2.1B $2.9B
Capital Expenditure -$279.0M -$332.0M -$317.0M -$297.0M -$288.0M
Free Cash Flow $2.2B $2.2B $2.0B $1.8B $2.6B
Acquisitions (net) -$970.0M -$367.0M -$409.0M -$1.6B $0
Net Debt Issued / (Repaid) $0 $650.0M $0 $0 —
Dividends Paid -$509.0M -$564.0M -$591.0M -$600.0M -$610.0M
Stock Buybacks -$771.0M -$1.4B -$1.1B -$605.0M -$1.4B
Net Change in Cash -$888.0M $502.0M $423.0M -$486.0M $403.0M
Growth Trends (YoY %)
Last updated: Aug 17, 2026 10:15am (51d ago)
Metric 2022 2023 2024 2025
Revenue Growth +5.0% -0.4% +2.0% +7.0%
Gross Profit Growth +1.1% -4.2% +1.3% +5.0%
Operating Income Growth +5.0% -9.4% +7.5% +17.2%
Net Income Growth +7.2% -7.2% +5.4% -0.4%
EBITDA Growth +4.0% -8.3% +5.9% +14.7%
Dividend History (Last 20)
Last updated: Aug 17, 2026 9:52am (51d ago)
Date Dividend Declaration Record Payment
2026-08-18 $0.33 — — —
2026-05-18 $0.33 — — —
2026-02-18 $0.33 — — —
2025-11-18 $0.31 — — —
2025-08-18 $0.31 — — —
2025-05-19 $0.31 — — —
2025-02-18 $0.31 — — —
2024-11-19 $0.30 — — —
2024-08-20 $0.30 — — —
2024-05-17 $0.30 — — —
2024-02-16 $0.30 — — —
2023-11-20 $0.29 — — —
2023-08-18 $0.29 — — —
2023-05-18 $0.29 — — —
2023-02-16 $0.29 — — —
2022-11-17 $0.27 — — —
2022-08-18 $0.27 — — —
2022-05-19 $0.27 — — —
2022-02-17 $0.27 — — —
2021-11-18 $0.24 — — —
0Company Classification 1Industry Landscape 2Company Momentum 3Forward Projection 4aDCF Valuation 4bEarnings Power Value 4cAnchored PE 4dReverse DCF 4eRevenue-Based DCF 4fAnchored P/S 4gScenario Analysis 4hDividend Discount Model 4iBook Value Analysis 4jInsider Activity 4fCash Flow Quality 4gDebt Maturity Risk 4hMacro Environment 4iSector Intelligence 4jRevenue Confidence 4kSensitivity Analysis 4lSector Demand Cycle 5AI Investigation 5bThesis Evaluation 6Valuation Synthesis
computed not applicable 18 computed · 6 not applicable
Risk : Reward — upside vs downside from this company's own quarters
Not computed yet
Why there is no ratio: Risk:reward has not been computed for this name yet — its report predates the mechanical valuation chain. It is added, at $0, the next time a report or the nightly touches this ticker.
Narrative Economics
The story the market is telling about this stock — the intangible X-factor (founder mythology, cult dynamics, TAM-of-imagination) that moves price beyond what cash flows alone explain. After Shiller, Narrative Economics.
No narrative profile yet for CTSH — it's generated by the pipeline (market-narrative step).
Growth Outlook
Analyzed 2026-08-17 16:28

The question every valuation on this page silently assumes: is this company likely to grow? Judged forward — the business, its category, the world — against what's already printed.

Holding Revenue is still compounding mid-single-digits and modestly outpacing a 4% industry, but operating income went backwards on that growth and the quarterly trend is decelerating — flat earnings power with an intact top line, not a broken business and not a growth story. conf 7/10
Share gain Category flat · Industry revenue CAGR ~4.2% with category median recent growth 5.4% and a sector cycle in early slowdown; CTSH grew ~7% recently and +5.8% in the latest matched quarter — a roughly +1 to +3pt gap above the category.
Next 2 quarters
Holding
Book-of-business visibility from multi-year managed contracts makes a revenue collapse unlikely, but decelerating quarterly trend plus sector slowdown argue against re-acceleration. Expect roughly 4-6% revenue with EPS held near flat by buybacks while operating margin stays under pressure.
≈ inline with expectations
Year 1
Holding
Full-year revenue likely lands in the mid-single digits again — above industry, below anything that would re-rate the growth profile — while operating income struggles to grow because wage, mix and pricing offsets absorb the volume. Flat-to-slightly-up earnings power is the base case.
≈ inline with expectations
Years 2–3
Holding
Structurally, the share-gain evidence and contract stickiness argue the earnings power does not erode; the AI pricing-unit risk argues it does not compound either. Those cancel to flat-to-modestly-positive real earnings power, with per-share growth helped by cash-funded buybacks.
↑ above expectations
The creme: each rung's call measured against what's already printed (vs analyst estimates · vs guidance / FY consensus · vs price-implied growth) — expectations in print are already in the price, so only the variant margin can pay. Hover a rung's chip for the margin read.
Growth drivers
50 Share gain inside a flat category — Recent YoY ~7% (latest matched quarter +5.8%) against industry ~3.9-4.2% CAGR and category median 5.4%. Modest but consistent outperformance implies wallet consolidation onto a small number of scaled vendors — CTSH is on the winning side of that shortlist, not the shrinking side.
42 Cost-takeout demand is counter-cyclical for offshore delivery — When enterprise IT budgets tighten (sector phase = slowdown, macro headwinds, 10y 4.63), discretionary transformation work defers but managed-services/run-the-business outsourcing and vendor consolidation deals accelerate. CTSH's revenue mix skews to the durable half, which is why revenue held +5.8% while the category slowed.
35 Cash generation outrunning accounting earnings — FCF CAGR 13.5% vs revenue CAGR 4.4% and earnings CAGR 2.4% — working-capital and DSO discipline is converting a low-growth top line into real cash, which funds inorganic engineering/industry-vertical adds and buybacks that support per-share growth even at flat aggregate earnings.
28 Low volatility, all-years-positive revenue base — Avg annual growth 4.5% with 2.5% volatility and no negative years — multi-year enterprise contracts make the revenue line unusually predictable, which lowers the odds of a genuine Shrinking outcome versus peers with project-heavy books.
Growth risks
56 Margin, not revenue, is where the erosion shows — Operating income -1.2% and net income -0.1% on +5.8% revenue means pricing/mix/wage-and-delivery costs are consuming all incremental growth. Growth that does not reach earnings is the shape that turns 'Holding' into 'Stalling' if it persists two more quarters.
52 AI deflation of the headcount-linked pricing unit — Core ADM and BPS revenue is billed against effort. Where GenAI code and ticket automation genuinely lands, clients demand productivity give-backs at renewal — deflating existing contract value before new AI work is large enough to backfill. This is a structural threat to the years 2-3 rung specifically, and CTSH's disclosure gives no clean way to size the net.
42 Sector slowdown and decelerating quarterly trend — Demand score -1, phase 'slowdown', and the company's own quarterly trend flagged decelerating (recent YoY 7.0% → latest quarter 5.8%). Discretionary consulting and financial-services/retail budgets are the first to be cut under 4.6% long rates.
34 Commoditized competitive set — Competes with Accenture, TCS, Infosys, Capgemini and offshore-cost challengers for the same consolidation deals; wins increasingly come with price concessions, capping the margin recovery the bull case needs.
IT services is mid-cycle-mature: enterprise budgets are flat-to-down in real terms under 4.6% long rates and macro headwinds, but spend is consolidating onto fewer large vendors, which is why a mature 4% industry can still hand a scaled incumbent 6-7% growth. The genuine world change is AI's effect on the billing unit: services revenue historically scaled with people, and any real productivity gain arrives at the client first as a price cut and only later as new AI-build revenue. That makes the near-term revenue line safer than it looks and the 2-3 year earnings line riskier than the revenue line suggests. CTSH's answer — scale, sticky multi-year run contracts, vertical depth in healthcare/BPS and engineering — buys time and share but does not yet demonstrate a repriced, higher-value unit of work.
Growth position composite -14
ShrinkingStallingHoldingGrowingAccelerating
50Next 2 quarters · Holding
50Year 1 · Holding
50Years 2–3 · Holding
-14Composite (−100…+100)
A research prediction, not advice. Forward-graded: each rung is scored against the prints that follow it. Not an input to the GEM designation — track record first.
Claude Reading
Independent analyst synthesis · claude-opus-4-7 · generated 2026-08-17 10:14:29
Verdict Modestly undervalued — fair value $65-70 vs $57.75; starter position for income + slow re-rating, but the synthesis's +31% upside overstates the mispricing given ambiguous organic growth.

The raw quarterly tape is more interesting than the "mature IT services" caricature suggests. Revenue went $4.85B → $5.04 → $5.08 → $5.12 → $5.25 → $5.42 → $5.33 → $5.41B over eight quarters — that's ~11.5% cumulative, or roughly 7% YoY on the most recent print, which is not a company in structural decline. Net income is lumpier ($274M in Q3 2025 is a clear outlier — likely restructuring or a legal charge worth diligencing before trusting the "12.2% steady-state margin" read), but four of the last five quarters cluster at 12-13% net margin, meaningfully above the 10.6% TTM figure the canonical metrics table shows. Operating margin expanded from 14.6% in FY23 to 16.1% in FY25 on 9% cumulative revenue growth — that is operating leverage, not commoditization. FCF of $2.60B on a $26.5B market cap is a 9.8% FCF yield, and net debt is essentially zero ($576M debt vs $1.90B cash).

Where I push back on the synthesis: the $70-76 fair-value composite feels directionally right but the "undervalued +31%" framing overreaches given what's actually knowable. The reverse-DCF implying -3.2% FCF contraction is a fair characterization of the setup, but flip it — the market has been telling this story about CTSH for five years and the company has still compounded FCF at 13.5%. That's the tell. The bear case (GenAI disintermediates services) is the same bear case that's been priced in since 2019 when CTSH traded at 15x; the multiple has actually compressed while FCF grew. Either the bears are finally right and the reckoning is imminent, or the market is anchored to a narrative that fundamentals keep quietly refuting. I lean toward the latter but with less conviction than the synthesis's +31% number implies.

The contrarian counter is real and I'll voice it: revenue growth is 4.4% CAGR over five years, earnings CAGR is 2.4%, and the "acceleration" to 7% YoY could be Belcan acquisition contribution rather than organic — the file doesn't disaggregate. If organic is still 3-4%, this is a 12.7x P/E for a company barely outpacing inflation, and re-rating requires either sustained 6%+ organic growth or a GenAI-services narrative shift that management has not yet demonstrated. ACN at ~22x isn't the right comp if CTSH's organic growth is half of ACN's. The insider activity is also not "net buying" in any meaningful sense — these are option exercises with sales to cover taxes, which is neutral-to-slightly-negative housekeeping, not conviction. The secondary signal calling this "Net Insider Buying" is misreading Form 4 mechanics. Also flag: the Q1 2026 print dated 2026-03-31 with insider activity dated July 2026 means this dataset is forward of today's calendar or the dates are mislabeled — worth verifying before sizing anything.

Net: I partially agree with the undervalued call but at a lower magnitude. Fair value is more like $65-70 than $76, which still implies 12-20% upside plus a 2.25% dividend — a respectable but not table-pounding setup. The bull case doesn't need GenAI heroics; it just needs organic growth to stay at 4-5% while margins hold at 16%, and the multiple to drift from 12.7x to 14-15x as the "structural decline" narrative gets falsified quarter by quarter. The bear case needs a specific catalyst (client budget cut, big deal loss, Belcan integration miss) that isn't in the data. On risk-adjusted basis, this is a reasonable long for a value/income sleeve, not a high-conviction mispricing. I'd want to see the Q3 2025 net income anomaly explained and organic vs. inorganic growth disaggregated before pressing size.

GPT Reading
Independent reading · gpt-5.4 · generated 2026-08-17 10:14:45
Verdict Undervalued at $57.75 — the market is pricing Cognizant like a no-growth commodity outsourcer, but the current revenue run-rate, 16% operating margin, and ~10% FCF yield support fair value around $68-$72.

What stands out to me is that Cognizant is being valued like a melting-ice-cube outsourcer when the actual numbers show a business that is at least stable and lately reaccelerating. Revenue went from $19.35B in 2023 to $19.74B in 2024 and then to $21.11B in 2025, a 6.9% increase last year, and the quarterly run-rate has stepped up from $4.85B in June 2024 to $5.41B in March 2026. On the balance sheet, this is not a stressed story: $1.90B of cash against just $576M of debt leaves net cash of roughly $1.3B. Cash generation is also real. 2025 operating cash flow was $2.88B and free cash flow was $2.60B, which against a $26.5B market cap is about a 9.8% FCF yield. For a capital-light services company with mid-teens ROIC of 15.8% and ROE of 14.9%, that is plainly cheap unless earnings are about to roll over.

The margin picture is better than the bear case implies, though not immaculate. Annual operating income rose from $2.89B in 2024 to $3.39B in 2025, lifting operating margin from 14.6% to 16.1% on the back of stronger revenue and cost discipline. Gross margin in 2025 was 33.7%, not spectacular but consistent with a healthy services model. Net income for 2025 was $2.23B, basically flat with 2024’s $2.24B only because one quarter in late 2025 cratered to a 5.1% net margin on $5.42B of revenue. That quarter is the obvious blemish, but it also looks isolated: the surrounding quarters were all around 12%-13% net margin, including $663M on $5.12B in March 2025, $645M on $5.25B in June 2025, $648M on $5.33B in December 2025, and $662M on $5.41B in March 2026. If the normalized earnings power is roughly $2.5B to $2.6B annualized from those cleaner quarters, then the headline 12.7x P/E is arguably overstating the true multiple; on normalized earnings, the stock is closer to 10x-11x for a business that is still growing.

That is why I do not buy the more cautious model outputs leaning toward “mature earner, maybe neutral.” Mature, yes; ex-growth, no. The recent quarterly revenue growth is not explosive, but it is broad enough to matter: March 2026 revenue of $5.41B versus $5.12B a year earlier is up about 5.7%, and December 2025 at $5.33B versus $5.08B a year earlier is up 4.9%. The market cap is only 1.34x sales and EV/revenue 1.28x for a company producing double-digit net margins, low leverage, and a dividend yield of 2.25% with a modest 27% payout ratio. You do not need an AI miracle for this to work. You only need Cognizant to keep doing roughly what it is doing: low-single-digit to mid-single-digit growth, hold operating margin around 15%-16%, and convert earnings into cash. On those terms, $57-58 looks discounted; a fairer range is in the high $60s to low $70s.

The best case against this view is that 2025’s revenue improvement may have come late in the cycle and could reverse if enterprise tech spending softens, while AI compresses labor-based services pricing faster than Cognizant can move up the value chain. The ugly September 2025 quarter matters because it may not be a one-off; it may be an early warning that project mix, pricing, or restructuring costs are becoming more volatile. Also, annual net income did not grow from 2024 to 2025 despite the $1.37B increase in revenue, which is a legitimate challenge to any “turnaround” narrative. If a business adds nearly 7% revenue and cannot translate that into net income growth, maybe the structural margin ceiling is lower than the current operating margin suggests. And while 12.7x earnings looks cheap against higher-multiple peers, some of that discount is deserved because Cognizant has posted only a 4.4% revenue CAGR and 2.4% earnings CAGR over the period shown—hardly evidence of a premium operator.

What would change my mind is straightforward. If the next few quarters slip back below $5.2B of revenue or net margin stays closer to 10%-11% instead of returning to the 12%+ pattern, then the “normalized earnings” case is wrong and the low multiple is deserved. Likewise, if annual free cash flow falls meaningfully below $2.3B without a clear reinvestment payoff, the 10% FCF yield is an illusion rather than value. On the other hand, if Cognizant can sustain quarterly revenue above $5.3B and keep quarterly net income around $630M-$670M, the stock should not sit at 12x earnings with net cash and solid capital returns. That combination would support a rerating toward at least $68 and plausibly $72.

Grok Reading
Independent reading · grok-4.5 · generated 2026-08-17 10:15:18
Verdict Undervalued cash compounder at $58; fair value mid-$70s on normalized 15× earnings and 9%+ FCF yield

The numbers describe a capital-light cash compounder the market has abandoned. Cognizant put up $21.11B in 2025 revenue, up roughly 7% from $19.74B, with free cash flow of $2.60B on only $288M of capex and a net-cash balance sheet ($1.90B cash against $576M debt). Trailing net income of $2.23B is essentially flat versus the prior four years, yet operating cash conversion is excellent and the trailing FCF yield at $57.75 is nearly 10%. Multiples—12.7× earnings, 6.8× EV/EBITDA, 1.34× sales—embed a reverse-DCF assumption of multi-year free-cash-flow contraction. That is the core dislocation: recent quarterly revenue run-rate has stepped up to the mid-$5.3–5.4B range (from low-$5B a year earlier), operating margins have re-expanded to 16%, and net margins outside one anomalous quarter sit at 12%+. The business is not dying; it is being priced as if it is.

The single ugly print—September 2025 net income of only $274M and a 5.1% margin—stands out against an otherwise steady 10.7–13% band and is almost certainly a discrete charge rather than structural collapse, because the two subsequent quarters snapped straight back to $648M and $662M. ROIC of 15.8% and ROE of 14.9% on a fortress balance sheet (debt-to-equity 0.04, current ratio 2.1) leave ample room to keep returning capital via the 2.25% dividend and buybacks. At these multiples the stock does not need a growth renaissance; it merely needs to avoid the permanent decline the market has already discounted. A re-rating toward even a mid-teens earnings multiple, still well below premium IT-services peers, would push the shares into the low-to-mid $70s—the same neighborhood the composite models flag.

The strongest counter-case is straightforward and not trivial. IT services remain a labor-arbitrage business facing genuine disintermediation risk from generative AI tools that let clients do more with fewer billable hours; the same automation that can expand Cognizant’s own delivery margins can shrink the addressable pool of traditional application-maintenance and integration work. Revenue CAGR over five years is only 4.4% and earnings CAGR 2.4%; the recent 7% top-line pop could easily prove cyclical rather than structural. Wage inflation in India continues to compress the cost advantage that underpins the entire offshore model, and the competitive set (Accenture, TCS, Infosys, and increasingly the hyperscalers themselves) is intensifying. The September 2025 earnings air-pocket, even if one-time, is a reminder that large charges can appear when utilization or large-deal timing slips. Insider activity is mostly option exercise and related sales, not conviction buying, so there is no insider vote of confidence to lean on. A smart bear simply says the 12.7× multiple is cheap for a reason and that the reverse-DCF’s implied contraction is the base case, not the bear case.

I would flip if two consecutive quarters show organic revenue growth re-accelerating through 8–9% with GenAI-related bookings explicitly quantified and expanding, or conversely if revenue growth falls back below 3% while operating margin compresses below 14% on a clean basis. Until then the asymmetry favors the long side at $58.

Qwen Reading local experiment · off-panel
Independent reading · qwen3.8:27b on the local GPU · generated 2026-08-28 17:23:10 · 58.9s (84.4 tok/s) · replay of 2026-08-17 panel
Undervalued · conviction 3/5 · bull 6/10
followed the VERDICT/STANCE contract
Verdict Modestly undervalued at $57.75 — 10.2x normalized P/E and 9.7x EV/FCF on a 15.8% ROIC, margin-expanding, net-cash IT services firm; fair value $68–72, with the operating-margin trajectory in the next two quarters as the decisive tripwire.

The number that decides this case is the Q3 2025 net income of $274M on $5.42B revenue — a 5.1% margin in a business whose other seven quarters in the window all sit between 10.7% and 13.0%. That single quarter, likely a restructuring or acquisition-related charge, drags the trailing P/E to 12.7x and makes the stock look more expensive than it is. Replacing that quarter with the ~$650M the business earns in a normal period lifts normalized annual net income to roughly $2.60B, putting the true P/E at about 10.2x on a $26.48B market cap. The "decelerating revenue" tag in the secondary signals is also wrong on the data: revenue moved $5.12B → $5.25B → $5.42B → $5.33B → $5.41B across the last five quarters, which is a flat-to-rising path with normal Q4 seasonality, not a deceleration.

Building the enterprise-value bridge from the trustworthy lines: $26.48B market cap, minus $1.90B cash, plus $576M debt gives an EV of roughly $25.2B. Against $2.60B of 2025 free cash flow, that is 9.7x EV/FCF. Against $3.39B of operating income (and an implied EBITDA near $3.7B once D&A is added), EV/EBITDA is about 6.8x. The balance sheet is genuinely clean — $576M of debt against $15B of equity is a 0.04x D/E, not an artifact, because this is a capital-light services business that does not need leverage. ROIC of 15.8% clears a reasonable cost of equity, and the 27% payout ratio on a 2.25% dividend leaves substantial buyback capacity. For the large-cap IT services sector, where ACN and EPAM trade at 20–25x and the more commoditized Indian peers (Infosys, Wipro, HCL) at 15–20x, a 10x normalized P/E and 9.7x EV/FCF sit at the very bottom of the range. The prior model's $70–76 fair value is directionally right but the $76 signal-adjusted figure is a touch generous; I would anchor at $68–72.

The prior models' "Net Insider Buying" tag is flatly contradicted by the transaction codes. All ten entries are M-OptionExercise, F-InKind (tax withholding), and two S-Sales of 137 and 133 shares. There is not a single P-Purchase. This is routine compensation mechanics at a few hundred shares, well below 0.1% of the float. It carries zero conviction signal in either direction, and the tag should be disregarded.

The strongest case against my read is the growth rate. Five-year revenue CAGR is 3.4–4.4%, and the most recent YoY is 5.7% — this is not a 10% grower. The "GenAI disintermediates services" bear thesis has structural logic: if large language models absorb a meaningful share of the application development, testing, and data-migration work that Cognizant sells, the $21B revenue base is not a floor but a ceiling. India wage inflation, which the briefing does not quantify but which is the single largest cost line in a labor-arbitrage model, could erode the 16% operating margin back toward the 14% it held in 2023. A smart opponent would also point out that the 13.5% FCF CAGR is computed off a 2021 base that was depressed, so the "acceleration" is partly mean-reversion. I weigh these concerns seriously, but the raw data shows operating margin expanding from 13.9% (2023) to 16.1% (2025) and FCF growing to $2.6B, which is the opposite of the margin-compression story the bear case requires. The market would need to see two consecutive quarters of margin contraction below 14% before the bear thesis has teeth in the tape.

What would change my mind: a Q2 2026 print (due in the coming weeks) showing operating margin below 14% or revenue growth below 3% would confirm the structural-decline narrative and push fair value toward $50–55, making the stock fairly valued or slightly rich at $57.75. Conversely, a quarter showing 8%+ revenue growth with margin above 16% would validate the re-rating case and push fair value toward $75+. The single most important number to watch is the operating-margin trajectory, not revenue, because in a services business the margin is the product.

At $57.75, the market is pricing Cognizant for stagnation with a slight decline — roughly 10x normalized earnings, 9.7x FCF, and a 2.25% yield. The raw data supports a business earning 15.8% ROIC, expanding margins, and generating $2.6B of free cash on a net-cash balance sheet. That is not a 10x business; it is a 13–14x business, which implies $68–72 per share. The gap is real but not enormous, and the AI-disruption overhang is a legitimate reason the market applies a discount. This is a modest undervaluation, not a mispricing.

Experiment only: this reading is not a panel seat and feeds nothing — compare it against the Claude, GPT and Grok readings above.
Big-3 Panel — where each AI stands
Each AI above independently stated a direction (undervalued, fairly valued, or overvalued) and how strongly it believes it (conviction, 0–5). We combine those into a Bull-Bear Index on a 0–10 scale: 5 is neutral, 10 is maximum bullish (undervalued at full conviction), 0 is maximum bearish. We compute the score ourselves with the same arithmetic for every seat — the models never grade their own bullishness — so the three are directly comparable. Δ shows how far each seat sits from the panel average of 8.7; a large Δ marks the dissenting voice, usually the one worth reading.
Claude claude-opus-4-7 8.0
undervalued · conviction 3/5 · Δ -0.7 vs panel · self: 6.0
GPT gpt-5.4 9.0
undervalued · conviction 4/5 · Δ +0.3 vs panel · self: 7.0
Grok grok-4.5 9.0
undervalued · conviction 4/5 · Δ +0.3 vs panel · self: 7.0
Advanced Analysis Forensic deep-dive · separate lenses
Separate reads — Company Quality (is it a great business?), Valuation (is it mispriced?), and General Sentiment (how macro + narrative are pushing it), kept deliberately apart · 2026-08-17 10:55:33
Delvantic - Cairn AI
Modestly cheap - starter now, add on weakness 6/10
Modestly cheap, cash-generative services name with a real AI overhang - own a starter here, back up the truck only near the EPV floor in the low-$50s.
The cruxWhether the 2025 op-margin recovery to 16.1% and FCF uptick to $2.6B stick, or gross margin resumes its 360bp five-year slide as agentic AI compresses the billable-hours unit.
Forensic checks Derived mechanically from CTSH's filed financials — not from the AI lenses
Liquidity & RunwaySelf-Funding
DilutionShare Count Shrinking
Earnings QualityHigh Earnings Quality
The four lensesswitch a tab for its full read — score + evidence
Company Quality
+32
Solid
edge √Σ 115 · risk √Σ 81 · conf 8/10

Cognizant is a classic mature earner: revenue crept from $18.5B (2021) to $21.1B (2025), a roughly 3.3% CAGR, while net income has been essentially flat around $2.1-2.3B for five years. FCF of $2.60B in 2025 is the strongest print in the window and comfortably exceeds net income (OCF/NI 1.13x, accruals -1.5% of assets), and mechanical earnings-quality checks are clean (Beneish -2.52, Altman Z 5.63). Balance sheet carries $1.91B liquid cash and $1.34B net cash, so the business is fully self-funding. Capital returns are disciplined: diluted share count fell from 528M to 489M (-1.9% CAGR), SBC is a modest 0.9% of revenue, and buybacks run 5x SBC, so per-share value is genuinely being concentrated rather than leaked. Operating margin recovered to 16.1% in 2025 after dipping to 13.9% in 2023, a real positive. The soft spot is gross margin, which has ground down every single year from 37.3% to 33.7% - a 360bp erosion suggesting pricing pressure, wage inflation, or unfavorable mix in a competitive IT-services market where offshore peers (Infosys, TCS, Accenture) crowd the same buyers. Insider tape is essentially non-directional: option exercises and tax withholdings dominate, the flagged 'net buying' is a trivial $210K vs $12K sold - not a real signal either way.

Strengths 4
m70
Strong, growing free cash flow
FCF hit $2.60B in 2025, the highest of the five-year window, with OCF/NI of 1.13x and negative accruals - earnings are backed by cash.
m60
Disciplined per-share stewardship
Diluted shares down from 528M to 489M (-1.9% CAGR); buybacks are 504% of the modest 0.9%-of-revenue SBC. Net buyer of its own stock.
m55
Clean earnings quality and fortress-ish liquidity
Altman Z of 5.63, Beneish -2.52, $1.34B net cash. No mechanical red flags anywhere in the accruals or ratios.
m40
Operating margin recovery
Op margin rebounded from 13.9% in 2023 to 16.1% in 2025, and revenue growth reaccelerated to +6.9% in 2025 after a flat 2023.
Concerns 4
m55
Persistent gross margin erosion
GM declined every year: 37.3 to 35.9 to 34.6 to 34.3 to 33.7 - a 360bp cumulative slide suggesting real pricing/labor pressure in a commoditizing services market.
m45
Flat earnings power over five years
Net income has essentially not grown: $2.14B (2021) to $2.23B (2025). Bottom-line stagnation despite $2.6B of revenue growth.
m30
Insider signal is noise, not conviction
The 'net buying' flag rests on a $210K buy vs $12K in sales; the rest is option exercises and F-code tax withholding. Not a directional signal.
m25
Structural competitive pressure implied
GM compression plus flat NI in a labor-intensive offshore-heavy services segment suggests moat is functional but not widening; GenAI-driven productivity threats to seat-based services are a real overhang.
This is a solid, well-run mature services business that generates real cash, treats its share count with discipline, and shows no forensic hair. But it is not thriving - it is holding station. Net income is flat over five years and gross margin has bled every single year, which tells me the business is fighting hard to stand still in a commoditizing market. The 2025 uptick in FCF and op margin is encouraging but one year does not reverse a five-year trend. I read this as a durable, high-integrity compounder-of-cash rather than a compounder-of-earnings - grade it as Solid, not Strong, and watch gross margin like a hawk.
Verify before trusting this (6)
  • Segment/geography detail on where the 360bp gross margin erosion originated - wage inflation, pricing, or mix
  • Customer concentration disclosure in the 10-K (top 5/10 clients as % of revenue) given services industry norms
  • Bookings/backlog trend and TCV of new deals to confirm the 2025 revenue reacceleration is durable
  • Details of the Belcan and other recent acquisitions - purchase price, goodwill, and organic vs inorganic contribution to 2025 growth
  • Attrition rates and headcount trends - key leading indicator for IT services quality
  • Any exposure/strategy disclosure on GenAI cannibalization of application maintenance revenue
Valuation / Mispricing
+33
Modestly Cheap
edge √Σ 77 · risk √Σ 43 · conf 6/10
price $57.27 vs composite deserved ~$70, ~22% discount; EPV floor $53 sits ~7% below price, so downside is bounded. attractive below $52.00

The e2e composite fair value of $70.01 and signal-adjusted $75.99 imply roughly 22-33% upside from the $57.27 price. The three methods cluster reasonably: DCF at $76.44, anchored P/E at $74.13, and an EPV floor at $53.03. That EPV floor is the key sanity check - it sits about 7% below today's price, meaning the market is paying only a modest premium to no-growth earnings power, which is a defensible starting point for a business the quality lens calls Solid with clean books and disciplined buybacks. Earnings quality is High, so no haircut is warranted; the deserved value stands as calculated. What is priced in at $57 is essentially stagnation - flat net income, continued gross margin bleed, and mediocre FCF conversion. What is NOT priced in is any credit for the 2025 op margin and FCF uptick sticking, or for capital returns compounding book value per share as the count shrinks. The gap is real but not extreme: this is a mature IT services name, not a special situation. A ~20-25% discount to deserved value on a Solid-quality compounder is the textbook 'modestly cheap' zone - worth owning, not worth backing up the truck.

Cheap signals 3
m55
Composite FV ~22% above price
Composite $70.01 and signal-adjusted $75.99 vs $57.27 imply 22-33% upside, with three methods clustering tightly enough to trust the midpoint.
m45
EPV floor near current price
EPV of $53.03 is only ~7% below $57.27, meaning you are paying a small premium to no-growth earnings power - downside is well anchored on a cash-generative business.
m30
High earnings quality - no haircut
Quality score 3 means the reported earnings feeding the DCF and P/E anchor are trustworthy; deserved value stands as calculated rather than needing a discount.
Rich / priced-in 2
m35
Growth stall already the base case
Flat five-year net income and yearly gross margin erosion mean the DCF's $76 output depends on the 2025 margin uptick persisting - not guaranteed in a commoditizing, AI-pressured services market.
m25
Anchored P/E leans on stable multiple
The $74 P/E anchor assumes the market keeps paying today's multiple on a business whose structural growth rate may be drifting toward low-single-digits.
I think this is genuinely modestly cheap, not a table-pounder. A ~22% discount to deserved value on a Solid-quality, cash-generative name with a tight EPV floor is a fair setup - I would own it here for the total return, but I would not chase it. If it drifted to the low $50s, near the EPV floor, the risk-reward gets materially more interesting because you are then paying zero for any growth optionality or margin recovery.
Verify before trusting this (4)
  • Whether the 2025 op margin and FCF improvement continues into next print or reverses
  • Bookings and deal-pipeline commentary for signs of AI-driven pricing compression
  • Management's forward capital return pace - buyback tempo vs share count
  • Any guidance revision on organic revenue growth that would reset the DCF trajectory
General Sentiment
-36
Balanced
tail √Σ 33 · head √Σ 71 · conf 6/10

The macro tape is modestly risk-on (VIX 14.3, S&P near highs) which is a small tailwind for equities broadly, but CTSH's 0.81 beta and defensive-ish IT services profile mean it captures little of that upside beat. There is no active narrative pulling this name higher: the archetype is 'steady compounder' with minimal intensity and low cult coefficient, so the stock lacks the story-driven bid that is inflating other tech cohorts in this environment. Meanwhile the market's dominant AI narrative is a two-edged sword that on balance leans against IT services incumbents - the fear is that agentic AI compresses billable-hours revenue, and today's MarketsandMarkets agentic AI headline reinforces exactly that framing even as CTSH tries to position itself on the winning side via the Benchling/Kyowa Kirin partnership. Analyst tone is neither bullish nor capitulating; the tape is just quietly ignoring the name. Net pressure is close to neutral, tilting a hair negative because the sector narrative is unfriendly and there is no offsetting catalyst or story momentum to reprice it.

Tailwinds 2
m22
Risk-on tape, muted transmission
Established risk-on regime and low VIX help equities broadly, but a 0.81 beta and defensive services profile mean CTSH only lightly participates in the melt-up.
m25
AI-partner headlines drip in
The Benchling/Kyowa Kirin R&D win gives CTSH a small, credible AI-enablement talking point that pushes back on the disruption bear case, though intensity is low and it will not move sentiment on its own.
Headwinds 3
m55
Agentic AI disruption narrative overhangs IT services
The dominant tape story - agentic AI eating billable-hours consulting - is structurally hostile to legacy offshore services, and today's agentic AI market headline keeps that fear top-of-mind, capping any multiple expansion.
m35
No narrative, no bid
Minimal intensity, low cult, steady-compounder archetype means CTSH gets no story premium in a tape that is rewarding conviction narratives; the name simply gets skipped by momentum flows.
m28
Rate/PE macro drag
10y at 4.63% and market PE 26.2 pressure all equities, and services names without a compelling growth reacceleration story tend to sit in the penalty box under this backdrop.
My blunt read: sentiment on CTSH is quietly negative-to-neutral, not screaming. The macro tape is friendly but the transmission to a low-beta services name is weak, and the market's biggest narrative - agentic AI - is a slow-drip headwind for exactly this business model. There is no cult, no momentum crowd, no analyst upgrade cycle to lean on. On the other hand, nothing is actively breaking either; it is a name the tape is ignoring rather than punishing. Net: balanced with a modest negative tilt, and it will stay that way until either the AI-disruption story cracks or CTSH manufactures its own AI-beneficiary narrative loud enough to be heard.
Verify before trusting this (4)
  • Whether peer IT services (INFY, WIT, ACN) start to break the AI-disruption narrative via reaccelerating bookings
  • Any shift in sell-side tone or target revisions - currently quiet, but a downgrade cluster would tip sentiment negative fast
  • Frequency and scale of CTSH's own AI-partnership headlines - needs to become a drumbeat, not one-offs, to build a counter-narrative
  • A rotation from mega-cap AI winners into 'AI enablers/beneficiaries' laggards, which could pull CTSH along
The market-wide tape + this name's exposure to it (beta / sector / narrative durability). Context on the non-fundamental pressure — not a call on the business or the price. processId: detail-general-sentiment
Growth Outlook
-14
Holding
edge √Σ 79 · risk √Σ 94 · conf 7/10

IT services is mid-cycle-mature: enterprise budgets are flat-to-down in real terms under 4.6% long rates and macro headwinds, but spend is consolidating onto fewer large vendors, which is why a mature 4% industry can still hand a scaled incumbent 6-7% growth. The genuine world change is AI's effect on the billing unit: services revenue historically scaled with people, and any real productivity gain arrives at the client first as a price cut and only later as new AI-build revenue. That makes the near-term revenue line safer than it looks and the 2-3 year earnings line riskier than the revenue line suggests. CTSH's answer — scale, sticky multi-year run contracts, vertical depth in healthcare/BPS and engineering — buys time and share but does not yet demonstrate a repriced, higher-value unit of work.

Growth drivers 4
m50
Share gain inside a flat category
Recent YoY ~7% (latest matched quarter +5.8%) against industry ~3.9-4.2% CAGR and category median 5.4%. Modest but consistent outperformance implies wallet consolidation onto a small number of scaled vendors — CTSH is on the winning side of that shortlist, not the shrinking side.
m42
Cost-takeout demand is counter-cyclical for offshore delivery
When enterprise IT budgets tighten (sector phase = slowdown, macro headwinds, 10y 4.63), discretionary transformation work defers but managed-services/run-the-business outsourcing and vendor consolidation deals accelerate. CTSH's revenue mix skews to the durable half, which is why revenue held +5.8% while the category slowed.
m35
Cash generation outrunning accounting earnings
FCF CAGR 13.5% vs revenue CAGR 4.4% and earnings CAGR 2.4% — working-capital and DSO discipline is converting a low-growth top line into real cash, which funds inorganic engineering/industry-vertical adds and buybacks that support per-share growth even at flat aggregate earnings.
m28
Low volatility, all-years-positive revenue base
Avg annual growth 4.5% with 2.5% volatility and no negative years — multi-year enterprise contracts make the revenue line unusually predictable, which lowers the odds of a genuine Shrinking outcome versus peers with project-heavy books.
Growth risks 4
m56
Margin, not revenue, is where the erosion shows
Operating income -1.2% and net income -0.1% on +5.8% revenue means pricing/mix/wage-and-delivery costs are consuming all incremental growth. Growth that does not reach earnings is the shape that turns 'Holding' into 'Stalling' if it persists two more quarters.
m52
AI deflation of the headcount-linked pricing unit
Core ADM and BPS revenue is billed against effort. Where GenAI code and ticket automation genuinely lands, clients demand productivity give-backs at renewal — deflating existing contract value before new AI work is large enough to backfill. This is a structural threat to the years 2-3 rung specifically, and CTSH's disclosure gives no clean way to size the net.
m42
Sector slowdown and decelerating quarterly trend
Demand score -1, phase 'slowdown', and the company's own quarterly trend flagged decelerating (recent YoY 7.0% → latest quarter 5.8%). Discretionary consulting and financial-services/retail budgets are the first to be cut under 4.6% long rates.
m34
Commoditized competitive set
Competes with Accenture, TCS, Infosys, Capgemini and offshore-cost challengers for the same consolidation deals; wins increasingly come with price concessions, capping the margin recovery the bull case needs.
vs expectations: ~6m inline · 1y inline · 2-3y above
The forward growth verdict — is the business itself likely to grow (next 2 quarters / year 1 / years 2–3), judged against its category and against printed expectations. The full horizon ladder + creme renders on the Growth Outlook card above. Not a call on the price (Valuation owns that) or the tape (Sentiment owns that).
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Lenses kept deliberately separate — Company Quality (price-agnostic), Valuation (price-conditional), General Sentiment (non-fundamental macro/narrative pressure), and Growth Outlook (the forward growth verdict). The scores are not blended. Filing-level items (convertibles, lock-ups, customer concentration) are v2 — see each lens's "verify."
Price Prediction
Higher +12.7% v0.6.0 View full prediction →

When we made this prediction on Aug 18, 2026, CTSH was $56.61. We expect it to be $63.80 by Feb 2027, and we consider it great value under $52.00. This is an early model (v0.6.0) — the direction is more reliable than the exact price. Made Aug 18, 2026.

Price when predicted$56.61
Our estimate for Feb 2027$63.80+12.7%
Great value below$52.00
Price history shown (6 Months)

Blue is our prediction, starting the day we made it. Grey is a slower route to the same place — the same destination, taking longer. Black is the actual price, so you can see how we are doing.

Post-Report Due Diligence NOTES
The report is written. This is what its valuation stands on.
Analyzed Sep 9, 2026 · 02:03 28d ago
Read epv-floor ext-gem-composite anchored-pe · FY income statement, balance sheet
2 findings · $0, re-derived on each view

Evidence for a closer look, not a verdict — no score or designation on this page has been changed by it. Items marked material are ones where a conclusion above moves to the other side of the price.

epv-floor — the "fair value below price" reading turns on 3 inputs NOTE found by sensitivity, not by rule
Published $51.71 vs price $57.27. Nudging `shares` (down 10%), `adjusted_earnings` (up 25%), `cost_of_capital` (down 25%) moves the fair value to the other side of the price. This does not say those inputs are wrong — it says they are where to look first.
shares flips down 10% adjusted_earnings flips up 25% cost_of_capital flips down 25%
anchored-pe — the "fair value above price" reading turns on 2 inputs NOTE found by sensitivity, not by rule
Published $74.25 vs price $57.27. Nudging `trailing_eps` (down 25%), `adjusted_pe` (down 25%) moves the fair value to the other side of the price. This does not say those inputs are wrong — it says they are where to look first.
trailing_eps flips down 25% adjusted_pe flips down 25%
Price at analysis $57.27. This is where an investigation should start — it is not where one ends. Nothing here was checked against the filings, the tape, or the news; that is the investigator's job.
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My Notes personal — only you see this
v1.1.760 · f4b58a28 · 2026-10-07 20:07:48