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AGING Analysis Report
Aug 14, 2026
11 days ago · 100% complete
NOT DEPENDABLE This report predates a filing — its financial basis has been replaced.
Report generated: Aug 14, 2026 · Filing on record since: Aug 21, 2026 · 7 days after
For AI assistants & researchers — machine-readable summary of this page

What this page is: Delvantic's full research page for Union Pacific Corporation (UNP) — AI-driven forensic equity research: mechanical valuation models (DCF, EPV, anchored-PE, scenario) plus three independent AI lenses (Quality / Value / Sentiment). Everything below is rendered server-side; you are not missing content that requires JavaScript. All scores are predictions and research opinions, not financial advice.

Our current read (analysis of 2026-08-25): Designation Low · Gem Score -16 (−100…+100 Quality+Value blend) · Quality 59 · Value -77 · Sentiment 21 (timing only, not weighted) · Composite fair value $186.48 vs $297.79 at analysis

Page map (sections in order; each card carries a stable reference-name attribute you can cite):

  • profile-header / price-overview — company profile, live quote, market cap
  • extended-analysisthe core: three AI lens reads with findings, scores, and the analyst memo
  • future-predictions — our forward price-band predictions
  • market-narrative / ai-findings / gpt-critique — narrative context, cross-model findings, and an adversarial critique of our own analysis (near the end of the document)
  • Members-only sections (render as login gates for anonymous readers): price-history, income-trend, key-metrics, financials (statement tables), insider-trading. The analysis above is public; the raw data tables require a free account.

More for machine readers: site briefing at /llms.txt · any ticker resolves at delvantic.com/stock/TICKER · raw inputs are public-company filings and market data (via licensed data feeds); every model, score, lens read, and prediction on this page is Delvantic's own analysis.

Union Pacific Corporation

UNP NYSE
Industrials · Railroads
Omaha, NE 68179, United States up.com Updated Aug 13, 9:17am
Price
$293.73
Market Cap
$174.5B
Employees
28,716
Beta
0.97
Avg Volume
2,896,603
Last Dividend
$5.52
CEO
Mr. Vincenzo James Vena

Union Pacific Corporation is a railroad holding company headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, with Union Pacific Railroad as its principal operating company. It provides freight transportation across 23 states in the western two-thirds of the United States, linking major West Coast and Gulf Coast ports with inland markets, Eastern gateways, Canada, and Mexico. The company serves a broad mix of industries through bulk, industrial, and premium rail services, moving commodities, raw materials, finished goods, automobiles, and intermodal containers. Union Pacific plays a central role in North American logistics by offering a large-scale rail network that supports supply chains for agriculture, energy, manufacturing, chemicals, and automotive customers.

Runs with full report Generated: Aug 14, 2026 12:19am
Price Overview
Price at report time
$297.79
as of Aug 14, 12:27am (11d ago)
Change · Aug 14
+4.06 (+1.38%)
Day Range
$295.21 – $299.39
52-Week Range
$210.84 – $315.99
50-Day MA
$282.20
200-Day MA
$253.85
Volume
1,997,218.00
Right now · live
Log in to get the live feed
Members see the real-time price and the move since this report (over 11d).
Share Structure
Outstanding 593,957,035.00
Float 572,552,143.00
Free Float 96.4%
High free float — 96.4% of shares trade freely, ~3.6% held by insiders/institutions
Very liquid — most shares trade freely. Low insider ownership can mean less management alignment, but makes large position sizing straightforward.
Price History (1 Year)
Last updated: Aug 14, 2026 12:31am (11d ago)
Revenue & Net Income Trend
The directional story — useful even when net income is negative.
Last updated: Aug 14, 2026 12:31am (11d ago)
Revenue
The top line — total sales before any costs or taxes are subtracted. A measure of how much business the company is doing.
Net Income
The bottom line — profit left after subtracting all expenses, interest, and taxes from revenue. Reflects accounting profitability, but includes non-cash items like depreciation, so it isn't the same as cash earned.
Operating Cash Flow
The real cash generated by the day-to-day business — selling products, paying suppliers, collecting from customers. Calculated from net income by adding back non-cash items and adjusting for timing (unpaid bills, unsold inventory). When OCF consistently lags net income, the reported profit may not be converting to real money.
Period Revenue Net Income Net Margin YoY/QoQ
Key Metrics
TD Twelve Data statement HEX SEC filing
Industry comparison last run: Aug 14, 2026 12:18am
P/E Ratio (Price per dollar of earnings)
HEX
Stock Price / EPS (Diluted)
24.52
Stock Price: $293.73
EPS (Diluted): 11.98
P/B Ratio (Price vs net asset value)
HEX
Stock Price / Book Value Per Share
9.48
Stock Price: $293.73
Total Equity: $18.47B
Shares: 595,900,000
EV/EBITDA (Total value vs operating profit)
HEX
Enterprise Value / EBITDA
16.68
Market Cap: $174.50B
Total Debt: $31.81B
Cash: $1.27B
EBITDA: $12.31B
Enterprise Value (Takeover price (cap + debt - cash))
HEX
Market Cap + Total Debt - Cash
$205.3B
Market Cap: $174.50B
Total Debt: $31.81B
Cash: $1.27B
Gross Margin (Revenue left after direct costs)
HEX
Gross Profit / Revenue
Gross Profit: N/A
Revenue: $24.51B
Missing from API: Gross Profit
Operating Margin (Revenue left after all operations)
HEX
Operating Income / Revenue
40.2%
Operating Income: $9.85B
Revenue: $24.51B
Net Margin (Revenue left as actual profit)
HEX
Net Income / Revenue
29.1%
Net Income: $7.14B
Revenue: $24.51B
ROE (Profit from shareholder equity)
HEX
Net Income / Total Equity
38.7%
Net Income: $7.14B
Total Equity: $18.47B
ROIC (Profit from all invested capital)
HEX
NOPAT / Invested Capital
15.6%
Operating Income: $9.85B
Tax Rate: 22.1%
Equity: $18.47B
Total Debt: $31.81B
Cash: $1.27B
Current Ratio (Can it pay short-term bills)
HEX
Current Assets / Current Liabilities
0.91
Current Assets: $4.56B
Current Liabilities: $5.01B
Debt/Equity (Leverage — debt vs equity)
HEX
Total Debt / Total Equity
1.72
Short-Term Debt: $0.00
Long-Term Debt: $31.81B
Total Debt: $31.81B
Total Equity: $18.47B
Rev/Share (Top-line per share)
HEX
Revenue / Shares Outstanding
$41.13
Revenue: $24.51B
Shares: 595,900,000
Book Value/Share (Net assets per share)
HEX
(Total Assets - Total Liabilities) / Shares
$30.99
Total Equity: $18.47B
Shares: 595,900,000
FCF/Share (Real cash generated per share)
HEX
(Operating Cash Flow + CapEx) / Shares
$9.23
Operating CF: $9.29B
CapEx: -$3.79B
Shares: 595,900,000
CapEx is negative (outflow) — added to OCF to get FCF
Div Yield (Annual income from holding)
TD
Last Annual Dividend / Stock Price
1.9%
Last Dividend: $5.52
Stock Price: $293.73
Payout Ratio (Earnings paid out as dividends)
HEX
Dividends Paid / Net Income
45.3%
Dividends Paid: -$3.24B
Net Income: $7.14B
Industry Benchmarks
Last run: Aug 14, 2026 12:16am
Compares UNP against LLM-researched typical ranges for its industry. One research call per industry, cached indefinitely — every stock in the same industry reuses the same baseline.
Income Statement (Annual)
Last updated: Aug 14, 2026 12:31am (11d ago)
Metric 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Revenue $21.8B $24.9B $24.1B $24.3B $24.5B
Cost of Revenue
Gross Profit
Operating Expenses $12.5B $15.0B $15.0B $14.5B $14.7B
Operating Income $9.3B $9.9B $9.1B $9.7B $9.8B
Net Income $6.5B $7.0B $6.4B $6.7B $7.1B
EBITDA $11.5B $12.2B $11.4B $12.1B $12.3B
EPS $9.98 $11.24 $10.47 $11.10 $12.00
EPS (Diluted) $9.95 $11.21 $10.45 $11.09 $11.98
Balance Sheet (Annual)
Last updated: Aug 13, 2026 9:17am (11d ago)
Metric 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Cash & Equivalents $960.0M $973.0M $1.1B $1.0B $1.3B
Total Current Assets $3.6B $4.0B $4.1B $4.0B $4.6B
Total Assets $63.5B $65.4B $67.1B $67.7B $69.7B
Current Liabilities $5.7B $5.5B $5.1B $5.3B $5.0B
Long-Term Debt $29.7B $33.3B $32.6B $31.2B $31.8B
Total Liabilities $49.4B $53.3B $52.3B $50.8B $51.2B
Total Equity $14.2B $12.2B $14.8B $16.9B $18.5B
Retained Earnings $55.0B $58.9B $62.1B $65.6B $69.5B
Cash Flow (Annual)
Last updated: Aug 14, 2026 12:31am (11d ago)
Metric 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Operating Cash Flow $9.0B $9.4B $8.4B $9.3B $9.3B
Capital Expenditure -$2.9B -$3.6B -$3.6B -$3.5B -$3.8B
Free Cash Flow $6.1B $5.7B $4.8B $5.9B $5.5B
Acquisitions (net)
Net Debt Issued / (Repaid) $4.2B $6.1B $1.6B $800.0M $2.0B
Dividends Paid -$2.8B -$3.2B -$3.2B -$3.2B -$3.2B
Stock Buybacks -$7.3B -$6.3B -$705.0M -$1.5B -$2.7B
Net Change in Cash -$835.0M $4.0M $87.0M -$46.0M $252.0M
Growth Trends (YoY %)
Last updated: Aug 14, 2026 12:31am (11d ago)
Metric 2022 2023 2024 2025
Revenue Growth +14.1% -3.0% +0.5% +1.1%
Gross Profit Growth
Operating Income Growth +6.2% -8.4% +6.9% +1.4%
Net Income Growth +7.3% -8.8% +5.8% +5.8%
EBITDA Growth +5.3% -6.3% +6.2% +1.7%
Dividend History (Last 20)
Last updated: Aug 13, 2026 9:18am (11d ago)
Date Dividend Declaration Record Payment
2026-05-29 $1.38
2026-02-27 $1.38
2025-12-05 $1.38
2025-08-29 $1.38
2025-05-30 $1.34
2025-02-28 $1.34
2024-12-09 $1.34
2024-08-30 $1.34
2024-05-31 $1.30
2024-02-28 $1.30
2023-12-07 $1.30
2023-08-30 $1.30
2023-05-30 $1.30
2023-02-27 $1.30
2022-12-16 $1.30
2022-08-30 $1.30
2022-05-27 $1.30
2022-02-25 $1.18
2021-12-17 $1.18
2021-08-30 $1.07
0Company Classification 1Industry Landscape 2Company Momentum 3Forward Projection 4aDCF Valuation 4bEarnings Power Value 4cAnchored PE 4dReverse DCF 4eRevenue-Based DCF 4fAnchored P/S 4gScenario Analysis 4hDividend Discount Model 4iBook Value Analysis 4jInsider Activity 4fCash Flow Quality 4gDebt Maturity Risk 4hMacro Environment 4iSector Intelligence 4jRevenue Confidence 4kSensitivity Analysis 4lSector Demand Cycle 5AI Investigation 5bThesis Evaluation 6Valuation Synthesis
computed not applicable 18 computed · 6 not applicable
Risk : Reward — if the last quarter repeats
Live · as of 2026-08-21 02:17
-0.7 : 1 recovery upside vs repeat-quarter downside
Even the bull case prices 48% below today — the ratio here measures the model-vs-market gap, not payoff odds. Another quarter like the worst recent one costs 65%.
CaseGrowthMarginFair valuevs price ($297.79)
Bull — recovery +6% 33.2% $155.30 -48%
Base — stabilizes +4% 28.9% $128.11 -57%
Bear — keeps slipping +2% 24.5% $103.88 -65%
Stress — last quarter repeats -1% 27.6% $105.22 -65%
The next quarters keep the trajectory of the worst recent matched quarter (ending 2025-12-31) — growth stays at -0.6% and margins bend by the same profit-vs-revenue ratio (×0.96). Stress is a trajectory, not a prediction — it answers "what if the ship's current heading simply continues," which history says is the case to respect.
Why this is appearing: this company files quarterly, so its recent trajectory could be measured rather than assumed — the engine matched Jun 2026, Mar 2026 against the same quarters one year earlier and found revenue +7.4% · operating income +6.6% · net income +5.5% year-over-year. That measured heading is what the stress case extends forward. Of those, the stress case extends the worst matched quarter — the one ending Dec 31, 2025 (revenue -0.6%, operating income -4.9% YoY) — not the average. Data measured through Jun 30, 2026 — this card recalculates automatically when the next quarterly filing is ingested. Companies without quarterly filings (many foreign listings) never show this card: with no measured trajectory, there is nothing honest to repeat.
Narrative Economics
The story the market is telling about this stock — the intangible X-factor (founder mythology, cult dynamics, TAM-of-imagination) that moves price beyond what cash flows alone explain. After Shiller, Narrative Economics.
No narrative profile yet for UNP — it's generated by the pipeline (market-narrative step).
AI Lens 4th lens · how AI reaches this business · 5-yr
2026-08-14
The creme is there an opportunity here? Neutral
UNP's moat is dirt and franchise, so AI can't take the asset — but it hands the truck a bigger cost cut than the train, which is why position sits at 54 rather than 70.
The internal story is genuinely good: automated inspection, dispatch and fuel optimization attack the labor-heavy cost base in a two-player western market where savings tend to stick (ai_margin_conversion 63 against a 40% operating margin). The offset is that revenue_unit_durability scores only 59 because rail's core pricing has always been benchmarked to truck cost, and removing drivers lowers that benchmark on exactly the intermodal and premium lanes UNP has been trying to grow. Watch two observables before consensus does: domestic intermodal revenue per unit versus dry-van spot rates, and any labor or FRA concession on reduced-crew/automated inspection — the first tells you the ceiling is falling, the second tells you UNP gets to bank its own AI dividend.
54
AI Position
Mildly favorable — physical moat intact, but the competing mode gets the bigger AI gift
AI cannot reproduce a western right-of-way and will quietly cut UNP's inspection, dispatch and fuel costs, but driverless Class-8 trucking is the one mechanism that can structurally re-rate the price ceiling on intermodal and merchandise freight.
Exposure 45 Confidence 68 50 = neutral
Primary Tailwind

Machine-vision track and railcar inspection, autonomous yard/dispatch optimization, energy-management fuel systems and predictive maintenance attack the labor and MOW cost base that dominates UNP's ~60% operating ratio — savings land in an industry with only one western competitor, so they are more likely to be retained than competed away.

Primary Pressure

Driverless long-haul trucking removes the driver (roughly a third of truck cost) and hours-of-service constraints simultaneously; that compresses rail's cost advantage exactly on the 500–1,500-mile lanes where domestic intermodal and premium merchandise live, capping UNP's core pricing lever rather than its volume alone.

Critical Hinge

Whether driverless Class-8 capacity scales on Sunbelt corridors faster than UNP converts AI into crew/inspection savings. Watch intermodal revenue per unit versus dry-van spot rates, and any Board-negotiated or FRA-sanctioned reduction in manual inspection and crew requirements.

Hard to Reproduce

Contiguous 32,000-mile western right-of-way, Gulf/West Coast port and Mexico gateway access, common-carrier franchise and STB-regulated position — none of which cheap intelligence creates or bypasses.

Forensic fingerprint same 11 factors for every stock · 0 unfavorable · 50 neutral · 100 favorable
Underlying Need Persistence do people still need this at all? 93
Bulk and containerized freight must physically move regardless of intelligence cost.
Grain, chemicals, aggregates, autos and import containers have no informational substitute; AI does not reduce tonnage demand, only how it is routed and priced.
Total revenue carloads by segment · Coal secular decline pace · West Coast port import share
relevance 85 · confidence 90
Solution Persistence will they still solve it this way? 61
Rail persists as the mode for heavy bulk; the truck-competitive tranche is genuinely contestable.
Rail's 3-4x fuel efficiency per ton-mile is physics, not software, but autonomous trucking narrows the total-cost gap precisely where intermodal and merchandise overlap with dry van.
Domestic intermodal volume vs truck spot · Length-of-haul mix drift · Driverless freight lane deployments
relevance 82 · confidence 63
Intelligence Commoditization does cheap AI power them or copy them? 59
Cheap AI powers UNP's operations and cannot copy its network.
No amount of intelligence produces a parallel western right-of-way; the same abundance, however, is a bigger cost gift to asset-light competing modes.
Autonomous inspection deployment scale · Locomotive telemetry program disclosures · Fuel consumption rate per gross ton-mile
relevance 58 · confidence 66
Responsibility Transfer are they paid to take the blame? 57
Common-carrier obligation and hazmat liability keep shippers outsourcing risk they cannot own.
Chemical and hazmat shippers pay UNP partly to absorb regulated safety and liability exposure that no software substitute assumes; conversely derailment liability is a cost AI can reduce but not remove.
Derailment/accident rate trend · Hazmat volume and pricing · Casualty expense per revenue dollar
relevance 38 · confidence 58
Scarcity Migration do their assets get rarer or more common? 77
The scarce asset is unreproducible land and gateways, and relative scarcity rises as software becomes free.
As coordination and optimization commoditize, the binding constraint becomes physical corridor capacity and port/border access — assets UNP owns outright and cannot be permitted into existence again.
Mexico cross-border volume growth · Terminal and siding capacity capex · Nearshoring industrial development wins
relevance 88 · confidence 74
Customer DIY Preference will customers just build it themselves? 83
No shipper internalizes a railroad, however cheap intelligence gets.
Private fleets are a trucking phenomenon; the capital and franchise barriers to self-supplying rail service are absolute, so DIY pressure is essentially nil.
Private railcar fleet share shifts · Shipper-owned transload facilities · Large-shipper modal insourcing announcements
relevance 32 · confidence 80
AI Intermediation Position do AI agents go through them or around them? 47
Algorithmic freight platforms increasingly choose the mode, and they are indifferent to UNP.
UNP sells much of its intermodal through IMCs and brokers; as agentic procurement optimizes landed cost per load in real time, relationship-based share protection weakens and modal substitution becomes frictionless.
Share of intermodal via IMCs · Direct shipper API/portal adoption · Contract vs spot mix in premium
relevance 52 · confidence 56
Data Leverage does their data make AI better? 54
Rich network telemetry improves UNP's own operations but is not an external monetizable edge.
Track geometry, wheel/bearing and dwell data feed predictive maintenance and velocity gains internally; BNSF holds comparable data, so it yields cost parity rather than differentiation.
Velocity and dwell metrics · Unplanned locomotive outage rate · Maintenance capex per route mile
relevance 40 · confidence 55
AI Margin Conversion do the AI savings become profit? 63
A western duopoly structure means AI savings are more likely retained than given back.
With operating margin already ~40% and few substitutes for bulk, cost reductions from automated inspection, dispatch and fuel management can drop to the operating ratio — but STB scrutiny and shipper pushback limit how visible that gets.
Operating ratio ex-fuel trend · Labor headcount per carload · Comp and benefits as % of revenue
relevance 78 · confidence 62
Revenue Unit Durability does the thing they charge for survive? 59
The carload/ton-mile unit survives; the price attached to it faces an AI-lowered truck benchmark.
UNP charges for physical movement, a unit AI cannot dematerialize, but core pricing has historically been set against truck cost — and that benchmark falls if drivers are removed.
Average revenue per car by segment · Core pricing gains vs inflation · Fuel surcharge normalized yield
relevance 74 · confidence 60
Entrant Compression how easily can newcomers copy them? 85
Rail entry is impossible; the entrant risk arrives as a different mode, not a new railroad.
Cheap software lowers the cost of building software companies, not 32,000-mile networks — but autonomous-truck fleets are the functional entrant into UNP's shorter-haul freight.
Autonomous fleet miles in Texas/Southwest · Truck insurance cost trajectory · New intermodal competitors from tech
relevance 62 · confidence 78

AI Lens thesis

UNP's product is physical ton-miles, so AI reaches it through three channels, not one: (1) internal cost — inspection, dispatch, yard switching, fuel burn and locomotive maintenance are information-processing tasks embedded in a capital-heavy network, and automating them is a real multi-hundred-basis-point operating-ratio lever; (2) competitive mode economics — the same intelligence revolution hands trucking a far larger unit-cost gift because labor is a much bigger share of truck cost than rail cost, which pressures rail's rate ceiling on the shortest-haul, most truck-competitive freight; (3) intermediation — shippers increasingly route through digital brokers and IMCs whose optimization agents will pick modes on landed cost and reliability, meaning UNP's share is decided by algorithms less loyal than a legacy traffic manager. Bulk (grain, chemicals, rock, autos) stays effectively insulated; intermodal and premium do not. Net: the asset survives intact, the margin improves, the pricing power narrows — a mild positive with a genuine tail risk that is modal, not technological.

Thesis breaker If UNP secures regulatory/labor relief for reduced-crew or automated-inspection operations and reports sustained operating-ratio improvement while holding intermodal yield, the read is too cautious. If domestic intermodal revenue per unit declines multiple years while driverless truck fleets scale, the read is too generous.
What the market may be underestimating

Upside Autonomous drayage cuts intermodal's first/last-mile cost — historically the piece that disqualifies rail on shorter lanes — so AI trucking could expand UNP's addressable intermodal geography rather than only threaten it.

Downside Asymmetric adoption: railroads face craft-union agreements and FRA rules that slow crew automation, while trucking's autonomy is constrained mostly by technology and insurance — meaning the competitor may capture its AI savings years before UNP captures its own.

Outcome range spread 40

31Bear case
54Central case
71Bull case
Three headline numbers, deliberately never blended: Position (which way), Exposure (how much it matters at all), Confidence (how sure). The fingerprint asks every stock the same 11 questions so companies a sector label would lump together get told apart. Not an input to GEM/Coal or the Q/V/S lenses.
Claude Reading
Independent analyst synthesis · claude-opus-4-7 · generated 2026-08-14 00:30:56
Verdict Modestly overvalued, not the 38% gap the synthesis claims — fair value ~$260-270; trim above $290, accumulate below $250 on any freight cycle scare.

Looking at the raw numbers first: UNP is running $24.5B TTM revenue with essentially flat top-line growth (0.8% CAGR over five years, 1.1% recent YoY), but net income is compounding at ~5.8% and FCF at 7.3% — pure margin story. Net margins have crept from ~27% to ~29-30% and Q2 2026 just printed a 29% margin on $6.86B revenue, the best absolute revenue quarter in the series. ROE is 38.6% and ROIC 15.6%, but note the ROE is flattered by $31.8B debt against only $18.5B equity (D/E 1.72) — this is a leveraged compounder, not a pristine balance sheet. Current ratio 0.91 is fine for a railroad but leaves no slack. FCF of $5.5B against a $174.5B market cap = 3.15% FCF yield; add the 1.88% dividend and you have a ~5% total shareholder return before any growth. To justify $293, you need ~5-7% perpetual growth on that base — plausible but not cheap.

The synthesis's $183 fair value implies 38% downside, and the thesis evaluation's claim that the price "implies 31% annual FCF growth for five years" is almost certainly a modeling artifact — that's absurd on its face for a railroad and inconsistent with the narrative layer's own admission that fundamentals support 5-7% earnings growth. A 24.5x P/E on a monopoly infrastructure asset with 15.6% ROIC and pricing power is not "priced for perfection"; it's priced like every other quality compounder in this tape (CSX trades similarly, NSC too). The synthesis and thesis-eval models are anchoring on a mechanical DCF that likely uses a punitive discount rate against a business whose real cost of capital is 6-7%. Meanwhile the market-forces "neutral" call and the narrative layer's "moderate/anchored" designation are internally more coherent — they acknowledge the premium is real but not delusional.

The contrarian bear case worth taking seriously isn't the DCF gap — it's the volume story. UNP's revenue has been flat for four years while nominal GDP grew 25%+; that's genuine share loss to trucking and intermodal weakness, and it means the margin expansion is being extracted from a shrinking real franchise. Q2 2026's $6.86B pop needs to be validated — one quarter doesn't reverse a four-year trend, and the "accelerating quarterly trend" signal is fragile. If PSR-driven margin gains are approaching mathematical limits (operating margin is already 40%), then the next leg of EPS growth has to come from buybacks (payout ratio 45% leaves room) and modest pricing — call it 6-8% EPS CAGR, not the 10%+ the multiple implies. Also worth flagging: the insider data is essentially useless (six tiny award grants, no open-market buys or sells), and the 2026 quarterly data being present at all is a data-vintage question mark that no model addressed.

My read: the synthesis is directionally right that UNP is expensive but wildly overstates the gap. Fair value on a quality-compounder framework (22x normalized $12 EPS in 2027, plus dividend) lands closer to $260-270, not $183. At $293 you're paying a ~10-15% premium to a defensible fair value, not 60%. That's "trim, don't short" territory — a mature earner with genuine quality that periodically re-rates cheaper on cyclical freight scares (2022, early 2023 both offered sub-$200 entries). I'd dissent from "overvalued" as characterized and land on "modestly overvalued / fairly valued at the high end." Waiting for a freight cycle wobble to buy sub-$250 is the correct move; owning here is fine but unexciting given the 5% base return plus mid-single-digit growth = ~10% expected, which is market-average for above-market quality.

GPT Reading
Independent reading · gpt-5.4 · generated 2026-08-14 00:31:12
Verdict Overvalued at $293.73 — elite railroad economics are real, but sub-1% revenue CAGR and a ~3.2% FCF yield do not justify a near-25x earnings multiple; fair value is closer to $220-$240.

What stands out is not that Union Pacific is a bad business; it is that the stock is priced as if a very good business is still becoming meaningfully better. The underlying company is plainly excellent. Revenue has barely moved over the last four annual periods, from $24.12B in 2023 to $24.25B in 2024 and $24.51B in 2025, yet net income rose from $6.38B to $6.75B to $7.14B. That tells you the story is almost entirely one of yield, mix, and efficiency rather than real freight growth. The latest quarterly run-rate is a bit better — 2026 Q2 revenue of $6.86B was up 11.5% from $6.15B a year earlier, and net income rose 5.9% to $1.99B — but even here the margin actually compressed from 30.5% to 29.0%. So the recent top-line acceleration is encouraging, but it does not yet prove a new earnings algorithm. This is still a railroad with superb economics, not a railroad suddenly entering a higher-growth phase.

The valuation asks investors to pay a premium multiple on peak-quality margins in a low-growth industry. At $293.73, UNP trades at 24.5x earnings, 7.1x sales, 16.7x EV/EBITDA, and 9.5x book. For a business growing revenue at 0.8% CAGR and earnings at 5.8% CAGR, that is a full price. The company generates terrific returns — 40.2% operating margin, 29.1% net margin, 15.6% ROIC — but part of the optical quality in ROE at 38.7% comes from leverage and buybacks rather than some hidden reinvestment runway. Debt is $31.81B against just $1.27B of cash and $18.47B of equity, with debt/equity at 1.72x and a current ratio below 1. None of that is alarming for a railroad with durable cash flows, but it matters because the easy EPS support from financial engineering is less valuable when the stock already discounts excellence. Free cash flow of $5.50B on a $174.5B market cap is roughly a 3.2% FCF yield, which is simply not enough compensation for cyclical volume risk and limited structural growth.

The key contradiction I see in the bullish framing is that investors are paying for “steady compounder” characteristics while the actual compounding is modest and increasingly dependent on operating precision near already-high margins. Annual operating income was $9.92B in 2022, then fell to $9.08B in 2023, and only recovered to $9.85B in 2025. That is resilience, but not linear compounding. Even using the stronger recent two quarters, trailing annualized revenue is only moving from the mid-$24B range toward perhaps the mid-$25B range, hardly enough to justify a multiple usually reserved for businesses with clearer secular demand tailwinds. Railroads deserve a premium to average industrials because the network is scarce and replacement cost is absurdly high, but this stock looks priced as if scarcity alone can offset maturity forever. My read is that fair value is materially lower, closer to $220-$240, where the quality of the franchise and the stability of the cash flows would still be respected without assuming much more margin expansion.

The strongest case against that view is straightforward: railroads are not ordinary cyclicals, and UNP’s quality may warrant a persistent premium. Even with revenue flat, the company has lifted net income from $6.52B in 2021 to $7.14B in 2025, free cash flow has compounded 7.3%, and the latest quarter’s $6.86B revenue shows there may be more pricing power and volume recovery than the annual figures suggest. If that Q2 strength is the start of a sustained step-up rather than a blip, then a 24-25x P/E may prove less stretched than it looks, especially for a business with irreplaceable infrastructure, disciplined capital allocation, and sub-2% dividend yield that can still grow the payout with a 45% payout ratio. I take that argument seriously. But I weigh it differently because the evidence so far shows a company squeezing more profit from a largely mature revenue base, not one that has unlocked a new growth vector. Once you are already at 28-30% net margins, each additional point of operational improvement gets harder.

What would change my mind is not another quarter of EPS beats driven by cost discipline; it is proof of durable top-line momentum without margin sacrifice. If UNP can sustain quarterly revenue above $6.7B for the next several quarters, push annual revenue convincingly above $26B, and still hold operating margin around 40% with free cash flow moving toward $6.5B-$7.0B, then the case for a premium multiple strengthens materially. Conversely, if the recent revenue pop fades back toward the $6.1B-$6.3B quarterly range while margins remain flat, the current valuation will look even more exposed. At nearly $294, I think the market is already paying in advance for the good outcome.

Grok Reading
Independent reading · grok-4.5 · generated 2026-08-14 00:31:42
Verdict Overvalued at $294; quality mature earner worth closer to $180–210 on mid-teens earnings and FCF multiples

The raw numbers describe a cash machine running on a flat track. Union Pacific generated $24.51B in 2025 revenue against $24.25B the year prior and $24.88B in 2022—four years of essentially zero top-line progress, confirmed by a 0.8% revenue CAGR and a recent 1.1% y/y print. Yet net income climbed to $7.14B from $6.75B and $6.38B, pushing net margins into the 27–30% band every recent quarter and producing a 5.8% earnings CAGR and 7.3% FCF CAGR. That divergence is the entire story: precision scheduled railroading and oligopoly rate discipline are converting a stagnant freight base into $5.50B of free cash flow on $9.29B of operating cash, with a 40% operating margin that few industrials can touch. The balance sheet is the cost of that efficiency—$31.81B of debt against $1.27B cash and a 1.72 debt-to-equity ratio, current ratio under 1.0—so the 38.7% ROE is leverage-amplified, not pure economic return (ROIC sits at a more sober 15.6%).

At $293.73 the market is paying 24.5× earnings, 7.1× sales, and 16.7× EV/EBITDA for sub-1% volume growth. That multiple embeds the reshoring-and-pricing-power narrative far more aggressively than the income statement supports. A 5.8% earnings grower with a 1.9% dividend yield and a 45% payout does not clear a 24× hurdle unless you believe mid-to-high single-digit FCF compounding is locked in for a decade; the trailing data show revenue still crawling and the latest quarter’s $6.86B spike still looking like a one-period bounce rather than a regime change. The valuation synthesis fair value near $184 is directionally correct even if the precise DCF is debatable—$294 is a 50–60% premium to any conservative capitalization of today’s $5.5B FCF at a mid-teens multiple appropriate for a mature Class I railroad.

The strongest opposing case is that the market is not buying next year’s freight carloads; it is buying an irreplaceable western franchise with proven ability to raise price above cost inflation and still expand margins from already-elite levels. Bulls correctly note that earnings and FCF have compounded 6–7% while revenue went nowhere, that FCF quality is clean, and that sector-relative returns (ROE, margins) sit well above industrial benchmarks. If PSR operating leverage still has innings left and nearshoring eventually shows up in volumes, the 24× multiple can be defended as a scarcity premium on regulated infrastructure rather than a growth multiple. I weigh that less heavily because the same data set already reflects years of PSR gains and pricing discipline—margins are near mathematical ceilings for a railroad—and the 0.8% revenue CAGR is the structural tell, not a temporary soft patch. Paying for monopoly optionality is rational; paying 24× for it when the volume engine is stalled is not.

I would reverse to neutral or constructive only on two concrete developments: trailing twelve-month revenue growth sustained above 4% with stable or rising volumes (not just price), or a clear path to sub-18× forward earnings via either multiple compression or a step-change in FCF that makes the current price an 8%+ free-cash-flow yield. Absent one of those, the stock remains a high-quality compounder priced as if the compounding has already accelerated.

Big-3 Panel — where each AI stands
Each AI above independently stated a direction (undervalued, fairly valued, or overvalued) and how strongly it believes it (conviction, 0–5). We combine those into a Bull-Bear Index on a 0–10 scale: 5 is neutral, 10 is maximum bullish (undervalued at full conviction), 0 is maximum bearish. We compute the score ourselves with the same arithmetic for every seat — the models never grade their own bullishness — so the three are directly comparable. Δ shows how far each seat sits from the panel average of 1.3; a large Δ marks the dissenting voice, usually the one worth reading.
Claude claude-opus-4-7 2.0
overvalued · conviction 3/5 · Δ +0.7 vs panel · self: 4.0
GPT gpt-5.4 1.0
overvalued · conviction 4/5 · Δ -0.3 vs panel · self: 3.0
Grok grok-4.5 1.0
overvalued · conviction 4/5 · Δ -0.3 vs panel · self: 3.0
Advanced Analysis Forensic deep-dive · separate lenses
Separate reads — Company Quality (is it a great business?), Valuation (is it mispriced?), and General Sentiment (how macro + narrative are pushing it), plus AI Impact (how the AI wave reshapes it), kept deliberately apart · 2026-08-14 00:40:42
Delvantic - Cairn AI
Quality — wait for a dip, no position yet 8/10
Elite rail franchise trading at a monopoly-narrative premium — great business, wrong price, so I wait.
The cruxWhether the NS merger narrative holds and expands the multiple, or the 'priced for perfection' read wins and the stock mean-reverts toward the $210-240 zone where cash flows actually support it.
Forensic checks Derived mechanically from UNP's filed financials — not from the AI lenses
Liquidity & RunwaySelf-Funding
DilutionShare Count Shrinking
Earnings QualityHigh Earnings Quality
The four lensesswitch a tab for its full read — score + evidence
Company Quality
+59
Strong
edge √Σ 141 · risk √Σ 74 · conf 8/10

Union Pacific is a classic mature earner: revenue drifted from $21.8B (2021) to $24.5B (2025) — roughly 3% CAGR, essentially GDP-like — with operating margins in a healthy 37.7%-42.8% band and net income landing at $7.14B in 2025, a record. Free cash flow has run $4.77B-$6.10B annually, and 2025 FCF of $5.50B comfortably funds capex-heavy rail operations. Earnings quality is high: OCF/NI of 1.34x, accruals -3.5% of assets, and Altman Z of 4.25 all say the reported profits are real cash profits. Per-share value is being concentrated aggressively — diluted share count fell from 655.4M to 595.9M (-2.4% CAGR), SBC is a trivial 0.4% of revenue, and buybacks run 63x SBC. Management is clearly a net returner of capital, not a diluter. The one meaningful constraint is the balance sheet: net debt of $30.55B against $1.27B of cash means leverage is the structural cost of the buyback/dividend model. Altman Z at 4.25 says this is manageable, not stressed, but it is a real constraint versus a fortress. The rail duopoly economics (implied moat) and 40% operating margins point to genuine pricing power and durability, though revenue growth has stalled around $24B for four straight years.

Strengths 4
m78
Elite earnings integrity
OCF/NI of 1.34x, accruals at -3.5% of assets, and Altman Z of 4.25 — reported earnings convert to cash and mechanical fraud checks are clean.
m72
Disciplined per-share stewardship
Diluted shares fell from 655.4M (2021) to 595.9M (2025), a -2.4% CAGR, with SBC only 0.4% of revenue and buyback/SBC ratio of 63x.
m70
Durable high-margin franchise
Operating margin has held 37.7%-42.8% across five years with 2025 net income of $7.14B — a new high — implying real pricing power and moat characteristics of the rail duopoly.
m60
Consistent free cash generation
FCF ranged $4.77B-$6.10B annually with $5.50B in 2025; a self-funding capital-intensive operator.
Concerns 3
m55
Net debt is structural, not a cushion
Net cash of -$30.55B against only $1.27B liquid cash means the balance sheet is a constraint; buybacks and dividends are effectively debt-financed.
m42
Revenue growth has stalled
Revenue has been rangebound $24.1B-$24.9B for four years (2022-2025) — the business is not compounding organically at the top line; earnings growth is coming from margin recovery and share count reduction.
m25
Margin peaked in 2021
Op margin of 42.8% in 2021 fell to 37.7% by 2023 before recovering to 40.2%; still below prior peak, suggesting some cost pressure or mix headwind.
This is a high-integrity mature earner running a genuine moat business — the numbers reconcile, the share count is shrinking, and margins are elite for an industrial. What keeps it out of the top tier is not accounting or capital discipline but two structural facts: revenue has gone nowhere for four years, and per-share earnings growth is being manufactured via balance sheet leverage funding buybacks. That is a legitimate mature-industrial playbook, not a red flag, but it means the quality here is 'solidly healthy' rather than 'fortress.' I'd grade this a Strong business, not a Fortress.
Verify before trusting this (6)
  • Debt maturity ladder and weighted-average interest rate on the $30B+ debt stack
  • Volume vs price/mix decomposition of the flat 2022-2025 revenue line
  • Pension and OPEB obligations not visible in headline net debt figure
  • Capex intensity trend and whether maintenance vs growth capex mix has shifted
  • Any regulatory or STB action affecting pricing power
  • Customer/commodity concentration (coal decline exposure, intermodal partner risk)
Valuation / Mispricing
-77
Rich
edge √Σ 22 · risk √Σ 123 · conf 7/10
Price $297.79 vs deserved ~$185 composite (cash methods $128-$135, anchored PE $341) - roughly 60% premium, no margin of safety. attractive below $210.00

The e2e composite pegs deserved value at ~$184.69 (signal-adjusted $183.30), implying roughly -38% downside from $297.79. The cash-based methods are tightly clustered and skeptical: DCF at $134.53 and EPV floor at $128.69 both say the current cash-generation, even capitalized generously, does not underwrite $298. The only method that gets near price is the anchored P/E at $341, which is a multiple-on-multiple exercise that assumes today's rich rating persists; it should not be treated as gospel. Earnings quality is high, so no haircut is warranted, and the franchise is genuinely strong which lifts deserved value above the raw DCF/EPV floor toward the high $100s to low $200s. Even generously blending quality premium with cash-flow reality, deserved value lands well below $250. The market is paying a monopoly-infrastructure premium at a time when revenue has been flat for four years and EPS growth is being manufactured by leveraged buybacks. That's a steady compounder rating priced as if secular growth is about to reaccelerate; the bear's 'priced for perfection' read is the honest one here. Not a short thesis, just no margin of safety and negative expected value versus the deserved-price anchor.

Cheap signals 1
m22
Quality franchise deserves a premium over raw DCF
Irreplaceable western rail network, elite margins, high earnings integrity justify pricing above the $130s cash floor - but not to $298.
Rich / priced-in 4
m72
Price ~60% above composite fair value
$297.79 vs $184.69 composite / $183.30 signal-adjusted implies -38% downside. Even weighting the quality franchise heavily, the gap is too wide to call fair.
m68
Cash-flow methods far below price
DCF $134.53 and EPV floor $128.69 both sit at roughly 45% of the market price. The business's own cash generation does not underwrite $298 without heroic growth or terminal multiple assumptions.
m55
Anchored P/E is the only method near price and it is circular
Anchored-PE $341 assumes today's rich multiple holds; it validates the price by assuming the price. Discount this input heavily.
m48
Flat revenue, leveraged EPS growth
Four years of flattish top line with per-share earnings compounding via debt-funded buybacks. That is a fair-value compounder, not a premium-multiple story.
I like the business, I don't like the price. Cash-flow math says $130s, a fair quality premium gets you into the $180s-$200s, and the market is asking $298. That is a rating that assumes the monopoly narrative expands from here, not that it merely persists. I'd want a mid-$200s handle at worst and closer to $210 before this is interesting on valuation alone. Until then it's a hold-if-you-own-it, not a buy.
Verify before trusting this (4)
  • Volume trends by segment (intermodal vs bulk vs industrial) in the latest 10-Q to test whether revenue can inflect
  • Pricing/mix commentary and any operating ratio guidance on the earnings call
  • Buyback pace vs FCF and incremental leverage taken on to fund it
  • Any capex step-up or regulatory (STB) rate-review risk that would compress the deserved multiple
General Sentiment
+21
Tailwind
tail √Σ 87 · head √Σ 65 · conf 6/10

The macro backdrop is mildly supportive: a risk-on regime with a 14.6 VIX and S&P near highs favors quality industrials, and with beta near 1.0 UNP neither amplifies nor mutes the tape much. What matters more here is the narrative: UNP is a steady-compounder wrapped in an active, high-profile transcontinental merger story with Norfolk Southern. That story is generating steady press flow, drawing analyst attention, and giving the stock a reason to trade above DCF fair value - the market is paying for optionality, not just cash flow. Q2 beat plus raised outlook (July 23, +4% reaction) is still an anchor in the tape. Analyst tone is 'moderately optimistic,' consistent with recent outperformance versus the broader market. On the other side, sentiment is not one-way: multiple pieces (Simply Wall St-style 'looks cheap on earnings but fair on cash flow,' 'is the upside priced in') are seeding a 'priced for perfection' counter-narrative, and seven GOP state AGs publicly opposing the merger inject binary regulatory-headline risk. Net, the pressure is a modest tailwind - narrative live and constructive, tape supportive, but with a valuation ceiling forming in the commentary.

Tailwinds 3
m45
Risk-on tape suits quality industrials
VIX 14.6, index at highs, established 9-day risk-on regime. Beta 0.97 means UNP participates roughly in line - a genuine but ordinary crosswind in its favor.
m55
Live merger narrative keeps the name in focus
The UP-NS transcontinental deal is generating persistent headline flow and analyst engagement. Even contested, an active M&A story typically supports the stock via optionality bid and reduces selling pressure.
m50
Q2 beat and raised outlook still resonant
July 23 beat drove a ~4% pop and remains the anchor tone in recent coverage. Positive earnings memory plus 'moderately optimistic' analyst posture is a real, persistent support.
Headwinds 3
m45
'Priced for perfection' meme emerging
Multiple recent notes flag 62% premium to DCF and question whether upside is already in. Not decisive, but it caps enthusiasm and gives portfolio managers an excuse to trim.
m40
Regulatory/political overhang on the merger
Seven state AGs publicly opposing the deal creates binary headline risk. It doesn't dominate the tape today but it's a live negative-narrative vector that can flare on any DOJ/STB signal.
m25
Higher-for-longer rates a soft weight
10y at 4.68% and market PE 26 are mild valuation headwinds for a bond-proxy-adjacent, dividend-paying compounder, but low-beta profile absorbs most of this.
Net pressure leans modestly positive. A calm risk-on tape, a live and market-friendly merger narrative, and a fresh earnings beat are doing more work than the emerging 'priced for perfection' grumble and the AG pushback. It's not a euphoric bid - the story is moderate intensity, moderate durability, low cult - so I'd call this a genuine but ordinary tailwind rather than a decisive one. The read flips if merger headlines turn hostile; absent that, sentiment quietly supports the name.
Verify before trusting this (4)
  • STB/DOJ signals or timeline updates on the UP-NS merger review - any negative leak flips this to headwind quickly
  • Whether the 'priced for perfection' narrative gathers pace in sell-side notes or stays a fringe take
  • Intermodal and carload weekly volume trends - a soft print would validate the late-cycle bear case
  • Rotation out of quality industrials if VIX spikes or the risk-on regime breaks
The market-wide tape + this name's exposure to it (beta / sector / narrative durability). Context on the non-fundamental pressure — not a call on the business or the price. processId: detail-general-sentiment
AI Impact
+36
Mildly favorable — physical moat intact, but the competing mode gets the bigger AI gift
opp √Σ 103 · thr √Σ 0 · conf 7/10

UNP's product is physical ton-miles, so AI reaches it through three channels, not one: (1) internal cost — inspection, dispatch, yard switching, fuel burn and locomotive maintenance are information-processing tasks embedded in a capital-heavy network, and automating them is a real multi-hundred-basis-point operating-ratio lever; (2) competitive mode economics — the same intelligence revolution hands trucking a far larger unit-cost gift because labor is a much bigger share of truck cost than rail cost, which pressures rail's rate ceiling on the shortest-haul, most truck-competitive freight; (3) intermediation — shippers increasingly route through digital brokers and IMCs whose optimization agents will pick modes on landed cost and reliability, meaning UNP's share is decided by algorithms less loyal than a legacy traffic manager. Bulk (grain, chemicals, rock, autos) stays effectively insulated; intermodal and premium do not. Net: the asset survives intact, the margin improves, the pricing power narrows — a mild positive with a genuine tail risk that is modal, not technological.

AI opportunities 6
m73
Underlying Need Persistence
Bulk and containerized freight must physically move regardless of intelligence cost.
m18
Solution Persistence
Rail persists as the mode for heavy bulk; the truck-competitive tranche is genuinely contestable.
m48
Scarcity Migration
The scarce asset is unreproducible land and gateways, and relative scarcity rises as software becomes free.
m21
Customer DIY Preference
No shipper internalizes a railroad, however cheap intelligence gets.
m20
AI Margin Conversion
A western duopoly structure means AI savings are more likely retained than given back.
m43
Entrant Compression
Rail entry is impossible; the entrant risk arrives as a different mode, not a new railroad.
AI threats 0

None surfaced.

UNP's moat is dirt and franchise, so AI can't take the asset — but it hands the truck a bigger cost cut than the train, which is why position sits at 54 rather than 70. The internal story is genuinely good: automated inspection, dispatch and fuel optimization attack the labor-heavy cost base in a two-player western market where savings tend to stick (ai_margin_conversion 63 against a 40% operating margin). The offset is that revenue_unit_durability scores only 59 because rail's core pricing has always been benchmarked to truck cost, and removing drivers lowers that benchmark on exactly the intermodal and premium lanes UNP has been trying to grow. Watch two observables before consensus does: domestic intermodal revenue per unit versus dry-van spot rates, and any labor or FRA concession on reduced-crew/automated inspection — the first tells you the ceiling is falling, the second tells you UNP gets to bank its own AI dividend.
Verify before trusting this (8)
  • Mexico cross-border volume growth
  • Terminal and siding capacity capex
  • Nearshoring industrial development wins
  • Total revenue carloads by segment
  • Coal secular decline pace
  • West Coast port import share
  • Domestic intermodal volume vs truck spot
  • Length-of-haul mix drift
The structural effect of the AI wave on this specific business over the next ~5 years — demand, cost leverage, moat, barriers to entry, position in the AI stack. The reality beneath the AI story, not the story's market pressure (General Sentiment owns that) — and not a call on the business today or the price.
Growth Outlook
not run

This lens hasn't been run for this ticker yet.

The forward growth verdict — is the business itself likely to grow (next 2 quarters / year 1 / years 2–3), judged against its category and against printed expectations. The full horizon ladder + creme renders on the Growth Outlook card above. Not a call on the price (Valuation owns that) or the tape (Sentiment owns that).
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Lenses kept deliberately separate — Company Quality (price-agnostic), Valuation (price-conditional), General Sentiment (non-fundamental macro/narrative pressure), AI Impact (structural ~5yr AI exposure), and Growth Outlook (the forward growth verdict). The scores are not blended. Filing-level items (convertibles, lock-ups, customer concentration) are v2 — see each lens's "verify."
Price Prediction
Lower -7.3% v0.6.0 View full prediction →

When we made this prediction on Aug 14, 2026, UNP was $297.79. We expect it to be $276.00 by Feb 2027, and we consider it great value under $210.00. This is an early model (v0.6.0) — the direction is more reliable than the exact price. Made Aug 14, 2026.

Price when predicted$297.79
Our estimate for Feb 2027$276.00-7.3%
Great value below$210.00
Price history shown (6 Months)

Blue is our prediction, starting the day we made it. Grey is a slower route to the same place — the same destination, taking longer. Black is the actual price, so you can see how we are doing.

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My Notes personal — only you see this
v1.1.562 · 9b2927c4 · 2026-08-22 16:52:06