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AGING Analysis Report
Aug 11, 2026
12 days ago · 100% complete
NOT DEPENDABLE This report predates a filing — its financial basis has been replaced.
Report generated: Aug 11, 2026 · Filing on record since: Aug 19, 2026 · 8 days after
For AI assistants & researchers — machine-readable summary of this page

What this page is: Delvantic's full research page for Northrop Grumman Corporation (NOC) — AI-driven forensic equity research: mechanical valuation models (DCF, EPV, anchored-PE, scenario) plus three independent AI lenses (Quality / Value / Sentiment). Everything below is rendered server-side; you are not missing content that requires JavaScript. All scores are predictions and research opinions, not financial advice.

Our current read (analysis of 2026-08-23): Designation Watch · Gem Score -11 (−100…+100 Quality+Value blend) · Quality 55 · Value -65 · Sentiment 30 (timing only, not weighted)

Page map (sections in order; each card carries a stable reference-name attribute you can cite):

  • profile-header / price-overview — company profile, live quote, market cap
  • extended-analysisthe core: three AI lens reads with findings, scores, and the analyst memo
  • future-predictions — our forward price-band predictions
  • market-narrative / ai-findings / gpt-critique — narrative context, cross-model findings, and an adversarial critique of our own analysis (near the end of the document)
  • Members-only sections (render as login gates for anonymous readers): price-history, income-trend, key-metrics, financials (statement tables), insider-trading. The analysis above is public; the raw data tables require a free account.

More for machine readers: site briefing at /llms.txt · any ticker resolves at delvantic.com/stock/TICKER · raw inputs are public-company filings and market data (via licensed data feeds); every model, score, lens read, and prediction on this page is Delvantic's own analysis.

Northrop Grumman Corporation

NOC NYSE
Industrials · Aerospace & Defense
Falls Church, VA 22042, United States northropgrumman.com Updated Aug 11, 10:20am
Price
$577.57
Market Cap
$82.1B
Employees
95,000
Beta
-0.11
Avg Volume
900,049
Last Dividend
$9.40
CEO
Ms. Kathy J. Warden

Northrop Grumman Corporation is an American aerospace, defense, and security company that provides advanced technology solutions to government and commercial customers worldwide. The company focuses on solving complex challenges across space, aeronautics, defense, and cyberspace, with most of its business concentrated on serving the U.S. Department of Defense and intelligence community, as well as allied international governments. Northrop Grumman operates through four primary business sectors: Aeronautics Systems, Defense Systems, Mission Systems, and Space Systems, each delivering specialized platforms, sensors, and software-driven capabilities. Its portfolio includes stealth and uncrewed aircraft, strategic missile and weapons systems, missile warning and tracking, radars and mission electronics, satellites and spacecraft, solid rocket propulsion, cyber and C4ISR solutions, and long-term sustainment and modernization services. Headquartered in Falls Church, Virginia, Northrop Grumman plays a significant role in global security infrastructure, supporting critical missions across land, sea, air, space, and cyber domains for customers in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia-Pacific, and other regions.

Runs with full report Generated: Aug 11, 2026 10:31am
Price Overview
Price at report time
$579.44
as of Aug 11, 10:39am (12d ago)
Change · Aug 11
+1.55 (+0.27%)
Day Range
$573.45 – $579.76
52-Week Range
$479.02 – $774.00
50-Day MA
$536.82
200-Day MA
$604.99
Volume
4,007.00
Right now · live
Log in to get the live feed
Members see the real-time price and the move since this report (over 12d).
Share Structure
Outstanding 142,062,680.00
Float 140,004,533.00
Free Float 98.6%
High free float — 98.6% of shares trade freely, ~1.4% held by insiders/institutions
Very liquid — most shares trade freely. Low insider ownership can mean less management alignment, but makes large position sizing straightforward.
Price History (1 Year)
Last updated: Aug 11, 2026 10:43am (12d ago)
Revenue & Net Income Trend
The directional story — useful even when net income is negative.
Last updated: Aug 11, 2026 10:43am (12d ago)
Revenue
The top line — total sales before any costs or taxes are subtracted. A measure of how much business the company is doing.
Net Income
The bottom line — profit left after subtracting all expenses, interest, and taxes from revenue. Reflects accounting profitability, but includes non-cash items like depreciation, so it isn't the same as cash earned.
Operating Cash Flow
The real cash generated by the day-to-day business — selling products, paying suppliers, collecting from customers. Calculated from net income by adding back non-cash items and adjusting for timing (unpaid bills, unsold inventory). When OCF consistently lags net income, the reported profit may not be converting to real money.
Period Revenue Net Income Net Margin YoY/QoQ
Key Metrics
TD Twelve Data statement HEX SEC filing
Industry comparison last run: Aug 11, 2026 10:29am
P/E Ratio (Price per dollar of earnings)
HEX
Stock Price / EPS (Diluted)
19.86
Stock Price: $577.57
EPS (Diluted): 29.08
P/B Ratio (Price vs net asset value)
HEX
Stock Price / Book Value Per Share
4.98
Stock Price: $577.57
Total Equity: $16.67B
Shares: 143,800,000
EV/EBITDA (Total value vs operating profit)
HEX
Enterprise Value / EBITDA
15.74
Market Cap: $82.10B
Total Debt: $15.70B
Cash: $4.40B
EBITDA: $5.98B
Enterprise Value (Takeover price (cap + debt - cash))
HEX
Market Cap + Total Debt - Cash
$94.2B
Market Cap: $82.10B
Total Debt: $15.70B
Cash: $4.40B
Gross Margin (Revenue left after direct costs)
HEX
Gross Profit / Revenue
Gross Profit: N/A
Revenue: $41.95B
Missing from API: Gross Profit
Operating Margin (Revenue left after all operations)
HEX
Operating Income / Revenue
10.8%
Operating Income: $4.51B
Revenue: $41.95B
Net Margin (Revenue left as actual profit)
HEX
Net Income / Revenue
10.0%
Net Income: $4.18B
Revenue: $41.95B
ROE (Profit from shareholder equity)
HEX
Net Income / Total Equity
25.1%
Net Income: $4.18B
Total Equity: $16.67B
ROIC (Profit from all invested capital)
HEX
NOPAT / Invested Capital
13.3%
Operating Income: $4.51B
Tax Rate: 17.5%
Equity: $16.67B
Total Debt: $15.70B
Cash: $4.40B
Current Ratio (Can it pay short-term bills)
HEX
Current Assets / Current Liabilities
1.10
Current Assets: $15.29B
Current Liabilities: $13.88B
Debt/Equity (Leverage — debt vs equity)
HEX
Total Debt / Total Equity
0.94
Short-Term Debt: $534.00M
Long-Term Debt: $15.16B
Total Debt: $15.70B
Total Equity: $16.67B
Rev/Share (Top-line per share)
HEX
Revenue / Shares Outstanding
$291.75
Revenue: $41.95B
Shares: 143,800,000
Book Value/Share (Net assets per share)
HEX
(Total Assets - Total Liabilities) / Shares
$115.95
Total Equity: $16.67B
Shares: 143,800,000
FCF/Share (Real cash generated per share)
HEX
(Operating Cash Flow + CapEx) / Shares
$23.00
Operating CF: $4.76B
CapEx: -$1.45B
Shares: 143,800,000
CapEx is negative (outflow) — added to OCF to get FCF
Div Yield (Annual income from holding)
TD
Last Annual Dividend / Stock Price
1.6%
Last Dividend: $9.40
Stock Price: $577.57
Payout Ratio (Earnings paid out as dividends)
HEX
Dividends Paid / Net Income
30.9%
Dividends Paid: -$1.29B
Net Income: $4.18B
Industry Benchmarks
Last run: Aug 11, 2026 10:29am
Compares NOC against LLM-researched typical ranges for its industry. One research call per industry, cached indefinitely — every stock in the same industry reuses the same baseline.
Income Statement (Annual)
Last updated: Aug 11, 2026 10:43am (12d ago)
Metric 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Revenue $35.7B $36.6B $39.3B $41.0B $42.0B
Cost of Revenue
Gross Profit
Operating Expenses $32.0B $33.0B $36.8B $36.7B $37.7B
Operating Income $5.7B $3.6B $2.5B $4.4B $4.5B
Net Income $7.0B $4.9B $2.1B $4.2B $4.2B
EBITDA $6.9B $4.9B $3.9B $5.7B $6.0B
EPS $43.70 $31.61 $13.57 $28.39 $29.14
EPS (Diluted) $43.54 $31.47 $13.53 $28.34 $29.08
Balance Sheet (Annual)
Last updated: Aug 11, 2026 10:20am (12d ago)
Metric 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Cash & Equivalents $3.5B $2.6B $3.1B $4.4B $4.4B
Total Current Assets $12.4B $12.5B $13.7B $14.3B $15.3B
Total Assets $42.6B $43.8B $46.5B $49.4B $51.4B
Current Liabilities $9.5B $11.6B $11.9B $14.1B $13.9B
Long-Term Debt $12.8B $11.8B $13.8B $14.7B $15.2B
Total Liabilities $29.7B $28.4B $31.7B $34.1B $34.7B
Total Equity $12.9B $15.3B $14.8B $15.3B $16.7B
Retained Earnings $12.9B $15.3B $14.8B $15.3B $16.7B
Cash Flow (Annual)
Last updated: Aug 11, 2026 10:43am (12d ago)
Metric 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Operating Cash Flow $3.6B $2.9B $3.9B $4.4B $4.8B
Capital Expenditure -$1.4B -$1.4B -$1.8B -$1.8B -$1.5B
Free Cash Flow $2.2B $1.5B $2.1B $2.6B $3.3B
Acquisitions (net)
Net Debt Issued / (Repaid) -$2.2B $0 $945.0M $2.5B -$502.0M
Dividends Paid -$983.0M -$1.1B -$1.1B -$1.2B -$1.3B
Stock Buybacks -$3.7B -$1.5B -$1.5B -$2.5B -$1.6B
Net Change in Cash -$1.4B -$953.0M $532.0M $1.2B $50.0M
Growth Trends (YoY %)
Last updated: Aug 11, 2026 10:43am (12d ago)
Metric 2022 2023 2024 2025
Revenue Growth +2.6% +7.3% +4.4% +2.2%
Gross Profit Growth
Operating Income Growth -36.3% -29.5% +72.3% +3.2%
Net Income Growth -30.1% -58.0% +103.0% +0.2%
EBITDA Growth -28.3% -21.6% +48.1% +4.2%
Dividend History (Last 20)
Last updated: Aug 11, 2026 10:21am (12d ago)
Date Dividend Declaration Record Payment
2026-06-01 $2.47
2026-02-23 $2.31
2025-12-01 $2.31
2025-09-02 $2.31
2025-06-02 $2.31
2025-03-03 $2.06
2024-12-02 $2.06
2024-09-03 $2.06
2024-05-24 $2.06
2024-02-23 $1.87
2023-11-24 $1.87
2023-08-25 $1.87
2023-05-26 $1.87
2023-02-24 $1.73
2022-11-25 $1.73
2022-08-26 $1.73
2022-05-27 $1.73
2022-02-25 $1.57
2021-11-26 $1.57
2021-08-27 $1.57
0Company Classification 1Industry Landscape 2Company Momentum 3Forward Projection 4aDCF Valuation 4bEarnings Power Value 4cAnchored PE 4dReverse DCF 4eRevenue-Based DCF 4fAnchored P/S 4gScenario Analysis 4hDividend Discount Model 4iBook Value Analysis 4jInsider Activity 4fCash Flow Quality 4gDebt Maturity Risk 4hMacro Environment 4iSector Intelligence 4jRevenue Confidence 4kSensitivity Analysis 4lSector Demand Cycle 5AI Investigation 5bThesis Evaluation 6Valuation Synthesis
computed not applicable not yet run 12 computed · 6 not applicable · 6 not yet run
Narrative Economics
The story the market is telling about this stock — the intangible X-factor (founder mythology, cult dynamics, TAM-of-imagination) that moves price beyond what cash flows alone explain. After Shiller, Narrative Economics.
No narrative profile yet for NOC — it's generated by the pipeline (market-narrative step).
AI Lens 4th lens · how AI reaches this business · 5-yr
2026-08-11
The creme is there an opportunity here? Conditional opportunity
Northrop's physical moats survive cheap intelligence intact — the question is whether it still owns the software layer where the value is migrating.
The favorable core is narrow but real: fixed-price development (B-21, Sentinel) is where AI-driven engineering compression converts directly to Northrop margin, and prior charges show how much room there is. Against that, cost-plus recapture caps the productivity benefit (ai_margin_conversion 44) and entrant_compression at 33 with a 7.7pp growth gap says share is already leaking to software-defined competitors. Watch autonomy and mission-command prime awards and the data-rights language in new contracts — those, not the budget topline, decide whether this is a 73 or a 31.
54
AI Position
Mildly favorable — shielded platforms, contested software layer
Cheap intelligence barely touches Northrop's scarcest assets (low-observable manufacturing, nuclear surety, solid rocket motors, clearances) but attacks the two places its future growth lives: the autonomy/mission-software layer and the billable engineering hour it is paid for on cost-plus work.
Exposure 58 Confidence 65 50 = neutral
Primary Tailwind

AI-assisted design, modeling and test compression lands hardest on fixed-price development — B-21 and Sentinel — where every avoided rework hour is Northrop's own margin rather than a reimbursable cost, and where prior charges show how expensive engineering error has been.

Primary Pressure

Software-defined, AI-native entrants (autonomy stacks, attritable systems, commercial space) compress the capital and time required to field credible defense capability, and DoD acquisition reform is actively routing budget toward them — visible already in the 7.7pp growth gap versus the industry.

Critical Hinge

Whether Northrop owns the autonomy and battle-management layer running on its own platforms or becomes the metal-and-sensor supplier under someone else's stack; watch CCA/mission-autonomy awards, MOSA data-rights terms, and whether Mission Systems content per platform rises or flattens.

Hard to Reproduce

Palmdale-scale low-observable tooling, nuclear-certified processes, solid rocket motor capacity, decades of classified signature and flight-test data, and a cleared workforce with program-of-record incumbency — none of which cheap software reproduces.

Forensic fingerprint same 11 factors for every stock · 0 unfavorable · 50 neutral · 100 favorable
Underlying Need Persistence do people still need this at all? 93
Deterrence, strike, space sensing and nuclear modernization do not become unnecessary because intelligence is cheap — proliferating machine autonomy arguably increases the need.
AI expands the threat surface (drone swarms, autonomous ISR, contested space) which drives demand for exactly Northrop's counter-autonomy, EW, missile-warning and battle-management content.
DoD topline and nuclear triad funding · Sentinel and B-21 program milestones · Counter-UAS and EW award flow
relevance 70 · confidence 88
Solution Persistence will they still solve it this way? 54
The exquisite, manned, decade-long platform is the solution most exposed to substitution by cheap autonomous mass.
If AI makes attritable autonomous systems militarily sufficient for many missions, budget share shifts away from Northrop's signature large-platform franchises even as B-21 and Sentinel remain locked in through the 2030s.
Budget split: exquisite vs attritable · Quantity cuts to legacy platform lines · NOC content on autonomous programs
relevance 85 · confidence 60
Intelligence Commoditization does cheap AI power them or copy them? 46
Cheap intelligence powers Northrop's sensors and C2 products but simultaneously commoditizes the software differentiation it once sold at prime margins.
Mission Systems' value historically came from proprietary processing and fusion; when foundation-model-grade capability is procurable, the differentiated content narrows toward the RF front end, apertures and hardened hardware.
Mission Systems margin trend · Government-furnished AI/autonomy stacks · Software content share per platform
relevance 75 · confidence 58
Responsibility Transfer are they paid to take the blame? 84
Northrop is paid substantially to absorb program, safety and nuclear-surety liability that no AI system will accept.
Certification, security accreditation, and accountability for a nuclear-certified bomber or ICBM are institutional obligations, not information-processing tasks — cheap software cannot assume them.
Fixed-price charge frequency · Nuclear certification milestones · Liability terms in new contract awards
relevance 80 · confidence 80
Scarcity Migration do their assets get rarer or more common? 68
Systems-engineering labor gets cheaper while low-observable tooling, solid rocket motors, cleared people and test ranges get relatively scarcer.
AI devalues the engineering hour — a large fraction of Northrop's cost base and headcount — while leaving physical chokepoints like propulsion capacity and stealth manufacturing untouched and more relatively valuable.
Solid rocket motor capacity utilization · Cleared headcount and attrition · Capex into LO production capacity
relevance 80 · confidence 68
Customer DIY Preference will customers just build it themselves? 61
DoD will not build airframes itself, but it is increasingly willing to own the reference architecture and integrate software directly.
Government-owned open architectures and expanded data rights let the customer internalize integration — the highest-value, most AI-tractable slice — while still outsourcing the physical build.
MOSA/data-rights clauses in new awards · Government as lead integrator programs · In-house DoD software organizations
relevance 55 · confidence 62
AI Intermediation Position do AI agents go through them or around them? 43
Risk that a third-party autonomy and battle-management layer sits above Northrop's hardware and captures the decision value.
If mission command software from AI-native vendors becomes the layer that tasks platforms, Northrop is relegated to an effector supplier with commodity-like pricing rather than the mission owner.
Who primes joint C2 programs · Third-party autonomy on NOC platforms · NOC's own autonomy stack adoption
relevance 60 · confidence 52
Data Leverage does their data make AI better? 60
Deep classified signature, flight-test and sensor datasets are genuinely rare, but often government-owned and hard to compound commercially.
Decades of radar-cross-section, EW and space-sensing data would materially improve models, yet data rights typically sit with the customer, limiting Northrop's ability to convert it into durable proprietary advantage.
Data rights retained in contracts · Digital-twin and model reuse claims · Classified data pooling initiatives
relevance 58 · confidence 52
AI Margin Conversion do the AI savings become profit? 44
Cost-plus structure recaptures much of the AI productivity gain for the customer, leaving fixed-price work and overhead as the only real profit channel.
With ~10.8% operating margin and a heavily reimbursed labor base, fewer engineering hours can mean lower revenue and a smaller fee base; savings accrue to Northrop mainly on fixed-price development and indirect/B&P costs.
Fixed-price share of backlog · G&A and B&P cost per revenue dollar · Segment margin vs headcount trend
relevance 80 · confidence 60
Revenue Unit Durability does the thing they charge for survive? 57
The monetized units — platform deliveries and reimbursed engineering effort — are durable near-term but one is directly compressible by AI.
Hardware deliveries and program-of-record positions survive; the labor-hour-linked portion of revenue shrinks as AI raises engineering throughput, unless offset by higher program volume.
Backlog composition and book-to-bill · Revenue per engineer trend · Cost-plus vs fixed-price mix shift
relevance 75 · confidence 62
Entrant Compression how easily can newcomers copy them? 33
AI plus modern manufacturing plus acquisition reform is measurably lowering the cost of becoming a credible defense supplier.
Well-capitalized software-defined entrants are taking autonomy, space and munitions competitions that primes historically owned by default; the 2.2% growth versus 9.9% industry gap is consistent with share moving.
Competitive losses to AI-native firms · Share of new-start programs won · Acquisition reform rules on non-traditionals
relevance 85 · confidence 66

AI Lens thesis

AI reaches Northrop through three distinct channels, not one: it raises demand (counter-autonomy, EW, sensor fusion, space-based tracking all get more valuable as machine intelligence proliferates on both sides), it changes the internal cost structure of a ~100k-person engineering organization, and it lowers the barrier to becoming a defense contractor at all. The first is a genuine tailwind for Mission and Space Systems. The second is ambiguous because the monetized unit on cost-plus work is substantially reimbursed labor — productivity that shrinks hours also shrinks the fee base, so AI savings only become profit on fixed-price and internal overhead. The third is the real structural risk: not that anyone builds a stealth bomber, but that the value inside a weapons system migrates from the airframe to the autonomy software, where incumbency and clearances matter far less than shipping speed.

Thesis breaker If Northrop wins or retains prime position on a major autonomy/collaborative-combat program with its own software stack, the read shifts clearly favorable; if it loses further software-defined competitions while B-21 rate production is its only growth engine, it re-rates toward disruption-target.
What the market may be underestimating

Upside Fixed-price development risk is currently priced as a permanent hazard; AI-driven digital engineering and test-campaign compression could structurally reduce overrun frequency, converting the most feared part of the portfolio into a margin recovery story.

Downside On cost-plus contracts, AI productivity is anti-revenue — fewer reimbursable engineering hours means a smaller cost base to earn fee on, so the government captures the efficiency and Northrop books lower sales at similar margin.

Outcome range spread 42

31Bear case
54Central case
73Bull case
Three headline numbers, deliberately never blended: Position (which way), Exposure (how much it matters at all), Confidence (how sure). The fingerprint asks every stock the same 11 questions so companies a sector label would lump together get told apart. Not an input to GEM/Coal or the Q/V/S lenses.
Claude Reading
Independent analyst synthesis · claude-opus-4-7 · generated 2026-08-11 10:42:58
Verdict Overvalued on cash flows but not egregiously so — fair value $460-490, wait for sub-$510 entry or a concrete B-21 margin de-risking print before committing capital.

Starting from the raw numbers: NOC did $41.95B in 2025 revenue, up just 2.3% from $41.03B in 2024 and 3.3% CAGR since 2021's $35.67B — this is a low-single-digit topline compounder, full stop. But note 2021 net income was $7.01B versus 2025's $4.18B; earnings are actually down 40% over five years despite revenue up 18%. The "42.6% earnings CAGR" figure is arithmetic garbage driven by the depressed 2023 base ($2.06B post-charges); the real story is margin compression from ~20% NI margin in 2021 to ~10% today. Recent quarters: TTM revenue is roughly $42.9B ($10.88+9.88+11.71+10.42), essentially flat, with net margins bouncing between 8.9% and 12.2% — normal defense lumpiness, no acceleration.

Balance sheet is fine but not fortress: $15.7B debt vs $4.4B cash and $16.7B equity gives D/E of 0.94 and net debt/EBITDA around 2x. ROE of 25% looks great until you realize it's leverage-flattered — ROA is 8.1% and ROIC 13.3%, which for a business with 95%+ government revenue and no reinvestment optionality is decent but not premium. FCF of $3.31B against an $82B market cap is a 4.0% FCF yield; the 1.63% dividend plus buybacks consume most of it. Insider activity is entirely A-Awards (stock grants) — zero open-market buying, which for a mature defense prime near 52-week levels is not a signal either way but certainly not a vote of confidence.

The synthesis verdict of "overvalued, fair value $422" I largely agree with, though the framework is sloppier than it needs to be. At $577 you're paying 19.9x trailing earnings and ~25x FCF for a business growing revenue 2-3% with structurally capped margins (fixed-price DoD contracts, B-21 EAC risk, GBSD execution). The thesis-eval line — "market pricing 18.6% FCF growth for five years" — is the right frame. That's absurd for a company whose 5-year revenue CAGR is 3.3% and whose earnings peaked in 2021. The narrative layer's diagnosis is also right: the ~37% premium over DCF is a geopolitical/supercycle bid, not fundamentals. Where I'd push back on the models: the Market Forces "Neutral" and Pre-Flight's "fair value" reads are too soft — they're anchoring to the peer multiple (LMT, GD, RTX all trade rich) rather than to NOC's own cash generation. Peer overvaluation isn't a defense.

The contrarian case worth taking seriously: B-21 is the one genuine call option. If Northrop executes and the LRIP transitions to a real production ramp of 100+ airframes at recovering margins, 2028-2030 FCF could plausibly step to $5-6B, which reframes today's price as ~14-16x forward FCF — reasonable. Sentinel/GBSD is sole-source and worth $140B+ lifetime. And the political reality is that defense budgets don't get cut in an era of simultaneous China/Russia/Middle East pressure; the "debt ceiling hammer" bear case has been wrong for 15 years running. Counter to the contrarian: B-21 is fixed-price in early lots, and Northrop already took a ~$1.6B charge on it in 2023. That is exactly the "bomber program curse" showing up on schedule. Fixed-price development contracts have destroyed value at every prime for 40 years and there's no reason to believe this time is different. Where the data is thin: no gross margin disclosure, no segment-level backlog conversion timing, and the 2026 quarters look suspiciously labeled (June 2026 with $10.88B revenue already reported? — treat as calendar/labeling artifact but worth flagging).

Net: I agree with the synthesis dissent from market pricing but think $422 is slightly too punitive — it ignores the real B-21/GBSD optionality. My fair value lands $460-490 (roughly 17x normalized $28-30 EPS, or 20x $3.5B normalized FCF plus modest program option value), meaning ~15-20% downside from $577, not 27%. This isn't a short — quality is real, backlog is real, and geopolitical tailwinds provide floor. But paying 20x earnings and 25x FCF for 3% revenue growth with fixed-price execution risk on the largest program is a bad risk/reward. Wait for either a B-21 milestone that de-risks margins or a pullback to the low $500s / high $400s. The insider grants aren't hiding anything, but they aren't buying either.

GPT Reading
Independent reading · gpt-5.4 · generated 2026-08-11 10:43:17
Verdict Overvalued at $577.57 — quality defense franchise, but the current price assumes a cleaner and faster earnings ramp than the underlying $42B, ~10% margin business has demonstrated; fair value looks closer to $470-$500.

What stands out is how ordinary the operating story looks relative to the valuation being asked. Northrop is doing what a good defense prime should do: revenue has climbed from $35.7B in 2021 to $42.0B in 2025, and the last four quarters sum to about $42.9B, so the top line is stable-to-slowly growing rather than surging. But the growth rate embedded in the stock feels richer than the business. Quarterly revenue was $10.88B in June 2026 versus $10.35B a year earlier, only 5.1% growth, and March 2026 was $9.88B versus $9.47B, up 4.3%. Net income is even flatter: the last four quarters total about $4.50B, only modestly above 2025’s $4.18B. Against that, investors are paying nearly 20x earnings, 2.0x sales, and 15.7x EV/EBITDA for a contractor generating roughly 10% net margins and 3%-5% organic growth. That’s not absurd for a pristine compounder; it is demanding for a government-dependent industrial with visible program risk.

The more important point is that the profit recovery since the 2023 dip has already happened, yet the earnings power still does not scream upside from $577. On annual numbers, operating income recovered from $2.54B in 2023 to $4.37B in 2024 and $4.51B in 2025, but 2025 operating profit still sits well below the $5.65B earned in 2021 despite $6.3B more revenue. That tells you mix and execution matter more than headline sales growth. The quarterly margin pattern reinforces it: 12.2%, 8.9%, and 10.1% net margins over the last three quarters are respectable but not evidence of a new plateau. There are also pockets of lumpiness investors should not wave away, such as the 5.1% margin in 1Q25. This is a business that can throw off cash—$4.76B operating cash flow and $3.31B free cash flow in 2025—but at the current $82.1B market cap, that is roughly a 4.0% FCF yield. For a mature defense contractor with net debt of about $11.3B, that is not cheap.

I also think the balance sheet and capital intensity argue against paying a premium multiple. Debt of $15.7B against $4.4B of cash is manageable, and equity of $16.7B means leverage is not alarming, but it is enough to matter when growth is modest and programs can move around margins. Capex of $1.45B is not trivial either; this is not a capital-light software-like defense name. Return metrics look good on the surface—25.1% ROE and 13.3% ROIC—but ROE is flattered by leverage and buybacks, while ROIC is solid rather than exceptional for the multiple. The dividend yield at 1.6% does little to compensate for valuation risk. If I underwrite Northrop on normalized earnings around $4.3B-$4.6B and free cash flow around $3.3B-$4.0B, I do not get to a price in the high $500s unless I assume a prolonged step-up in growth or a structurally safer margin profile than the recent record shows.

The best pushback is straightforward: this is not a generic industrial, it is an unusually strategic asset base with scarce franchises. If major programs ramp cleanly, today’s earnings can understate future power. Revenue has held above $10B in five of the last six quarters, 2026 first-half revenue is running ahead of 2025 first-half, and 2026 first-half net income of about $1.97B is already well above the depressed $1.65B in 2025 first-half. On that lens, the weak 1Q25 looks like noise, 2023 looks like an aberration, and the market is right to capitalize future cash flows off a cleaner normalized base. A 19.9x P/E is not outrageous for a prime contractor with mission-critical platforms, sticky U.S. government demand, and decent cash conversion. I weigh that less heavily because even after normalization the numbers still look like a good business, not a fast-growing one: 2025 revenue rose just 2.2% over 2024, 2026 quarterly comparisons are mid-single-digit at best, and free cash flow has not exploded enough to justify a scarcity premium of this size.

What would change my mind is evidence that Northrop is actually entering a higher earnings regime rather than just cycling past prior charges. Specifically, I’d want to see at least two consecutive quarters with revenue above $11.0B and net margins sustained above 11%, or annualized free cash flow moving credibly toward $4.5B-$5.0B without a balance-sheet stretch. That would support a thesis that current valuation is discounting real operating improvement rather than narrative. Conversely, if revenue remains around $42B-$44B and net income stays parked near $4.2B-$4.6B, then a high-teens multiple is more appropriate, which points to a value closer to the high $400s than the high $500s.

Grok Reading
Independent reading · grok-4.5 · generated 2026-08-11 10:43:52
Verdict Overvalued at $578 vs ~$420–450 fundamental range; paying 20x earnings / ~25x FCF for 3% revenue growth and narrative geopolitics

The raw numbers describe a mature defense prime growing like one. Annual revenue crawled from $41.03B in 2024 to $41.95B in 2025, a 2.2% lift that sits inside a 3.3% multi-year CAGR; the last eight quarters oscillate between roughly $9.5B and $11.7B with no clear acceleration. Net income has stabilized near $4.17–4.18B after the 2023 trough of $2.06B, so the headline 42.6% earnings CAGR is almost entirely base-effect recovery, not operating leverage—recent earnings YoY is 0.2%. Operating margin sits at 10.75% and net margin at ~10%, with quarterly margins mostly in the 9–12% band once the Q1 2025 5.1% anomaly is set aside. Free cash flow of $3.31B on $4.76B operating cash flow is high quality and funds the modest 1.63% dividend at a 31% payout, but at an $82B enterprise the stock trades near 25x that FCF and 20x earnings. ROE of 25% looks attractive until leverage (debt/equity 0.94, net debt ~$11.3B) and a current ratio of 1.10 are factored in; ROIC of 13.3% is solid for the sector, not exceptional. The story the data tell is steady cash conversion on low-single-digit top-line growth, not a growth compounder.

That profile collides with the price. A PE of 19.9x, EV/EBITDA of 15.7x and PS of 2.0x on a business whose revenue confidence is already flagged as decelerating implies the market is capitalizing multi-year FCF growth in the high teens—growth the company has never delivered on an organic basis. The 2023 margin collapse and subsequent rebound explain why some screens look cheap on trailing recovery math; they do not justify paying a scarcity premium for a contractor whose backlog conversion still has to clear fixed-price B-21 risk and whatever budget ceiling politics deliver in 2026–28. Insider activity is pure award noise; it adds nothing. Against the prior models’ ~$423 composite fair value, the $578 print embeds roughly a 37% narrative premium for geopolitical permanence—exactly the split the narrative layer flags.

The strongest contrary case is real and specific. B-21 production through the 2030s and the GBSD sole-source franchise (cited as $100B+ over three decades) are multi-decade, high-barrier cash engines that pure DCF models systematically underweight because they sit outside five-year explicit periods. A smart opponent would also note that 2023 was distorted by charges, so normalized earnings power is closer to the current $4.2B run-rate with upside if margins grind toward the old 12%+ zone, and that defense primes have historically re-rated when NATO and Indo-Pacific budgets move from pledges to appropriations. ROE above 25% and FCF conversion above 75% of net income are not the marks of a deteriorating franchise. I weigh those points as genuine franchise quality, not as a warrant for 25x FCF: the same franchises still carry classic fixed-price transition risk, revenue is still 95%+ government, and the company has shown 3% top-line growth through the entire post-Ukraine spending surge. Quality at a premium is not the same as mispriced upside.

What flips the verdict is concrete: sustained quarterly revenue growth above 6–7% YoY for three consecutive prints, B-21 moving cleanly through fixed-price lot pricing without further charge announcements, or FY2026–27 FCF clearing $4.0B+ while the multiple holds. A material multiple compression toward 15–16x earnings on stable earnings would also re-open the long side. Until one of those arrives, the stock is priced for a supercycle the income statement has not yet earned.

Big-3 Panel — where each AI stands
Each AI above independently stated a direction (undervalued, fairly valued, or overvalued) and how strongly it believes it (conviction, 0–5). We combine those into a Bull-Bear Index on a 0–10 scale: 5 is neutral, 10 is maximum bullish (undervalued at full conviction), 0 is maximum bearish. We compute the score ourselves with the same arithmetic for every seat — the models never grade their own bullishness — so the three are directly comparable. Δ shows how far each seat sits from the panel average of 1.3; a large Δ marks the dissenting voice, usually the one worth reading.
Claude claude-opus-4-7 2.0
overvalued · conviction 3/5 · Δ +0.7 vs panel · self: 3.0
GPT gpt-5.4 1.0
overvalued · conviction 4/5 · Δ -0.3 vs panel · self: 3.0
Grok grok-4.5 1.0
overvalued · conviction 4/5 · Δ -0.3 vs panel · self: 3.0
Advanced Analysis Forensic deep-dive · separate lenses
Separate reads — Company Quality (is it a great business?), Valuation (is it mispriced?), and General Sentiment (how macro + narrative are pushing it), plus AI Impact (how the AI wave reshapes it), kept deliberately apart · 2026-08-11 11:02:01
Delvantic - Cairn AI
Quality - wait for a dip 8/10
Great defense prime at a full price - the geopolitical premium is already paid, so I wait rather than chase.
The cruxWhether the B-21/Sentinel fixed-price ramp converts to the margin recovery the tape has already priced in - that single execution question determines if $577 is fair or 25% too high.
Forensic checks Derived mechanically from NOC's filed financials — not from the AI lenses
Liquidity & RunwaySelf-Funding
DilutionShare Count Shrinking
Earnings QualityGood Earnings Quality
The four lensesswitch a tab for its full read — score + evidence
Company Quality
+55
Strong
edge √Σ 125 · risk √Σ 63 · conf 8/10

Northrop is a classic mature defense earner: revenue compounded from $35.7B in 2021 to $42.0B in 2025 (roughly 4% CAGR), with FCF rebuilding from a $1.47B trough in 2022 to $3.31B in 2025. Earnings quality checks are clean - OCF/NI at 1.04x, accruals at 1.4% of assets, and Altman Z of 3.01 in the safe zone. The business self-funds capex and returns capital, with buybacks running 21x SBC and diluted share count falling from 160.9M to 143.8M (a -2.8% CAGR), meaningfully concentrating per-share value. Operating margin dipped to 6.5% in 2023 (B-21 EAC charges are the likely culprit but I can't confirm from this data) before recovering to 10.8% in 2025 - a genuine wobble, now largely healed. Balance sheet is the one soft spot: net debt of roughly $11.3B against $4.4B cash means the company runs with leverage, not a cushion, though FCF coverage is comfortable. Insider tape is entirely routine director awards and small tax-withholding sales - no directional signal. Overall this reads as a durable, well-run prime contractor operating in a structurally supported end market.

Strengths 4
m70
Disciplined share shrink
Diluted shares fell from 160.9M (2021) to 143.8M (2025), a -2.8% CAGR, with buybacks 2169% of SBC - per-share value is actively concentrated, not diluted.
m65
Clean earnings quality
OCF/NI 1.04x, accruals just 1.4% of assets, Altman Z 3.01 (safe). No mechanical red flags - reported earnings translate to cash.
m60
FCF rebuilding
FCF recovered from $1.47B (2022) to $3.31B (2025), a 2.25x lift, restoring self-funding capacity after a working-capital heavy stretch.
m55
Durable end-market and revenue growth
Revenue grew every year 2021-2025 ($35.7B to $42.0B); defense prime status with long-cycle programs provides visibility uncommon among industrials.
Concerns 3
m45
Net debt position
Net debt of $11.3B against $4.4B cash - balance sheet is a constraint, not a cushion. Well-covered by $3.3B FCF, but there is no fortress here.
m40
2023 margin collapse
Operating margin fell from 15.8% (2021) to 6.5% (2023) and net income dropped from $7.0B to $2.1B - suggests fixed-price program charges. Recovered to 10.8% but the pre-2022 15%+ level has not returned.
m20
Program execution risk implied
The magnitude of the 2023 earnings drop points to fixed-price development program risk (likely B-21 or similar) - a recurring structural exposure for defense primes.
This is a high-quality, steady-state defense prime doing the right things at the per-share level. The FCF recovery, disciplined buyback, and clean accruals picture tell me management is running the business, not the reported number. What keeps me from grading higher is the balance sheet (real net debt, not a cushion) and the memory of 2023, when margins were cut in half - that's the signature of fixed-price program risk that never fully goes away in this industry. Not a fortress, but genuinely strong, and the trajectory since 2023 is in the right direction.
Verify before trusting this (5)
  • Root cause and residual exposure of the 2023 operating margin collapse (likely B-21 EAC charges) - is this contained or recurring?
  • Fixed-price development program mix and remaining loss reserves per the 10-K risk disclosures
  • Debt maturity ladder and covenants underlying the $11.3B net debt position
  • Customer concentration - percent of revenue from US DoD and top programs
  • Pension/OPEB accounting contribution to GAAP operating income and margin optics
Valuation / Mispricing
-65
Rich
edge √Σ 39 · risk √Σ 117 · conf 7/10
price $579 vs deserved ~$425 composite (DCF $356, EPV $307, anchored-PE $689) — roughly 35% above fair, no margin of safety attractive below $470.00

The composite fair value lands at $426.88 and the signal-adjusted FV at $422.44, implying about -27% downside from $579.44. The DCF ($355.81) and EPV floor ($306.96) both sit well below price; only the anchored-PE cross-check ($688.92) argues for upside, and it is the outlier — a multiple-based method that essentially extrapolates the current defense-cycle multiple rather than deserved economics. Weighting the cash-based methods, deserved value sits in the $400s, not near $580.

Cheap signals 2
m30
Anchored-PE suggests upside
Anchored-PE FV of $688.92 (+19%) reflects the peer/history multiple; treat as a ceiling scenario, not a base case, since it embeds the same cycle multiple the price already leans on.
m25
Quality deserves a premium
Strong quality (55), clean earnings, disciplined buybacks — justifies trading above raw DCF/EPV, but not the magnitude of today's premium.
Rich / priced-in 4
m70
Price 27% above signal-adjusted FV
Signal-adjusted composite FV of $422.44 vs $579.44 price implies -27% downside; even generously weighting the anchored-PE outlier, blended deserved value sits well below spot.
m65
DCF and EPV both far below price
DCF $355.81 (-39%) and EPV floor $306.96 (-47%) — the two cash-grounded methods agree the business's own economics do not support $579 without heroic growth assumptions.
m55
Geopolitical premium already in the tape
The 35%+ premium over cash-based FV is the market pricing in sustained elevated defense budgets and stealth/space dominance — that is consensus, not edge.
m40
No margin of safety
Even crediting quality with a 15-20% premium over DCF/EPV midpoint (~$330), deserved value lands near $400 — you would need the stock ~20-30% lower to have real cushion.
This is a great business at a full price, which is exactly the situation my job says grades LOW. Three of four valuation reads point down, and the one that points up is a multiple method that borrows the current cycle's optimism. I do not see a gap here — I see consensus correctly priced with a geopolitical premium layered on. I would want NOC roughly 20% lower, around $470 or below, before it becomes interesting on valuation alone. At $579 I am paying for the narrative in full.
Verify before trusting this (5)
  • forward FCF conversion trajectory post-2023 margin dip
  • B-21 program margin ramp and cost accounting assumptions
  • backlog book-to-bill and multi-year contract mix
  • any FY guidance revisions on segment margins
  • capital return pace vs net debt trajectory
General Sentiment
+30
Tailwind
tail √Σ 82 · head √Σ 51 · conf 7/10

The dominant force on NOC is a strong, durable platform-monopoly narrative: irreplaceable prime, stealth/space/networks, and a geopolitical backdrop that the market treats as a structural reset rather than a cycle. Intensity is strong, durability is durable, cult is low - meaning this is a sober institutional bid, not a meme, which is exactly the kind of narrative that persists. That is a real tailwind pressing on the tape regardless of whether the price is deserved. The macro overlay is mildly supportive: risk-on at +47, VIX 15.5, S&P near highs. NOC's beta near zero means the tape barely moves it either way, but a calm tape lets the defense narrative breathe without rotation risk. Higher rates and a 26 market PE are a background headwind for long-duration equity, but defense primes with visible multi-year backlogs are among the least rate-sensitive industrials. News flow is quiet on NOC specifically - the peripheral items (Joby/Resonant, Rocket Lab defense launch demand, GE strength) actually reinforce the broader 'defense and aerospace bid' framing without creating direct competitive pressure on Northrop's core franchises. The main non-fundamental risk is that the bear framing (37% premium is pure geopolitical sentiment) is a live, articulate counter-narrative - any peace headline or budget-cut rhetoric could re-rate this quickly. Net: steady tailwind, not euphoric, with a fragile ceiling.

Tailwinds 3
m68
Durable defense-supercycle narrative
Strong-intensity, durable, low-cult story about irreplaceable prime status and multi-decade demand is exactly the kind of narrative that keeps a persistent bid under the stock without needing fresh catalysts.
m30
Calm risk-on tape, low beta
Risk-on +47 with VIX 15.5 is mildly supportive, but NOC's -0.11 beta means the tape itself barely moves it - the tailwind is real but small on this specific name.
m35
Sector-wide defense/aerospace bid
Peripheral news (Joby buying a defense contractor, Rocket Lab defense launches, GE strength) reinforces a broader aerospace-and-defense narrative that lifts primes by association.
Headwinds 2
m45
Story running ahead of cash flows
The bear frame - 37% DCF premium is pure geopolitical sentiment - is coherent and widely understood, capping upside and making the name vulnerable to any de-escalation or budget headline.
m25
Rates and market multiple
10y at 4.65 and market PE 26 are a background drag on all equities; defense primes with visible backlogs feel it least, but it is not zero.
This is a steady, institutional tailwind rather than a euphoric one - a durable platform-monopoly narrative on a low-beta name in a calm tape, which is the recipe for grind-higher pressure. I lean tailwind, not strong tailwind, because the bear case (premium is pure geopolitical sentiment) is articulate and the story is already fully embraced - meaning the marginal buyer is thinner and a single peace or budget headline could snap the pressure the other way. Net: modest, persistent upward push with a fragile ceiling.
Verify before trusting this (4)
  • Any peace-negotiation or ceasefire headlines (Ukraine, Middle East, Taiwan) that could crack the supercycle story
  • FY defense budget rhetoric and any signs of domestic fiscal retrenchment
  • Analyst target revisions - watch for the first prime downgrade citing valuation vs geopolitics
  • Rotation out of defense into cyclicals if risk-on accelerates further
The market-wide tape + this name's exposure to it (beta / sector / narrative durability). Context on the non-fundamental pressure — not a call on the business or the price. processId: detail-general-sentiment
AI Impact
+16
Mildly favorable — shielded platforms, contested software layer
opp √Σ 87 · thr √Σ 29 · conf 7/10

AI reaches Northrop through three distinct channels, not one: it raises demand (counter-autonomy, EW, sensor fusion, space-based tracking all get more valuable as machine intelligence proliferates on both sides), it changes the internal cost structure of a ~100k-person engineering organization, and it lowers the barrier to becoming a defense contractor at all. The first is a genuine tailwind for Mission and Space Systems. The second is ambiguous because the monetized unit on cost-plus work is substantially reimbursed labor — productivity that shrinks hours also shrinks the fee base, so AI savings only become profit on fixed-price and internal overhead. The third is the real structural risk: not that anyone builds a stealth bomber, but that the value inside a weapons system migrates from the airframe to the autonomy software, where incumbency and clearances matter far less than shipping speed.

AI opportunities 5
m60
Underlying Need Persistence
Deterrence, strike, space sensing and nuclear modernization do not become unnecessary because intelligence is cheap — proliferating machine autonomy arguably increases the need.
m54
Responsibility Transfer
Northrop is paid substantially to absorb program, safety and nuclear-surety liability that no AI system will accept.
m29
Scarcity Migration
Systems-engineering labor gets cheaper while low-observable tooling, solid rocket motors, cleared people and test ranges get relatively scarcer.
m12
Customer DIY Preference
DoD will not build airframes itself, but it is increasingly willing to own the reference architecture and integrate software directly.
m12
Data Leverage
Deep classified signature, flight-test and sensor datasets are genuinely rare, but often government-owned and hard to compound commercially.
AI threats 1
m29
Entrant Compression
AI plus modern manufacturing plus acquisition reform is measurably lowering the cost of becoming a credible defense supplier.
Northrop's physical moats survive cheap intelligence intact — the question is whether it still owns the software layer where the value is migrating. The favorable core is narrow but real: fixed-price development (B-21, Sentinel) is where AI-driven engineering compression converts directly to Northrop margin, and prior charges show how much room there is. Against that, cost-plus recapture caps the productivity benefit (ai_margin_conversion 44) and entrant_compression at 33 with a 7.7pp growth gap says share is already leaking to software-defined competitors. Watch autonomy and mission-command prime awards and the data-rights language in new contracts — those, not the budget topline, decide whether this is a 73 or a 31.
Verify before trusting this (8)
  • Budget split: exquisite vs attritable
  • Quantity cuts to legacy platform lines
  • NOC content on autonomous programs
  • Competitive losses to AI-native firms
  • Share of new-start programs won
  • Acquisition reform rules on non-traditionals
  • Fixed-price charge frequency
  • Nuclear certification milestones
The structural effect of the AI wave on this specific business over the next ~5 years — demand, cost leverage, moat, barriers to entry, position in the AI stack. The reality beneath the AI story, not the story's market pressure (General Sentiment owns that) — and not a call on the business today or the price.
Growth Outlook
not run

This lens hasn't been run for this ticker yet.

The forward growth verdict — is the business itself likely to grow (next 2 quarters / year 1 / years 2–3), judged against its category and against printed expectations. The full horizon ladder + creme renders on the Growth Outlook card above. Not a call on the price (Valuation owns that) or the tape (Sentiment owns that).
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Lenses kept deliberately separate — Company Quality (price-agnostic), Valuation (price-conditional), General Sentiment (non-fundamental macro/narrative pressure), AI Impact (structural ~5yr AI exposure), and Growth Outlook (the forward growth verdict). The scores are not blended. Filing-level items (convertibles, lock-ups, customer concentration) are v2 — see each lens's "verify."
Price Prediction
About flat -4.1% v0.3.0 View full prediction →

When we made this prediction on Jul 14, 2026, NOC was $541.82. We expect it to be $519.56 by Jan 2027, and we consider it great value under $470.00. This is an early model (v0.3.0) — the direction is more reliable than the exact price. Made Jul 14, 2026.

Price when predicted$541.82
Our estimate for Jan 2027$519.56-4.1%
Great value below$470.00
Price history shown (6 Months)

Blue is our prediction, starting the day we made it. Grey is a slower route to the same place — the same destination, taking longer. Black is the actual price, so you can see how we are doing.

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My Notes personal — only you see this
v1.1.562 · 9b2927c4 · 2026-08-22 16:52:06